The Outlook 1914-12-23

Copyright, 1914, by

VOLUME 108

PUBLISHED WEEKLY
LAWRENCE F, ABBOTT, PRESIDENT.
TREASURER.

N. T.

BY THE OUTLOOK COMPANY,

ERNEST H. ABBOTT, SECRETARY.
TRAVERS D. CARMAN, ADVERTISING MANAGER,

Contents of The Outlook

the Outlook Company

DECEMBER 23, 1914

287

PULSIFER, VICE-PRESIDENT.

FOURTH AVENUE,

NUMBER 17

NEW
FRANK C,

YORK,
HOYT,

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YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS—FIFTY-TWO ISSUES—

THREE DOLLARS IN ADVANCE. ENTERED AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER AT THE NEW YORK POST-OFFICE

The Story of the War: An Announcement 893

PN NEN 2's 6 cosas sane.s eases keeces 894
Secretary Garrison on the Army and
American Military Problems.......... 895
ME Sao vcs. cesecse fads Aeeeseehene 896
The French Yellow Paper...........++-. 897
The Red Cross Annual Meeting........ 897
UN WPI aa) 6 horn'e. 6003 s000 cénsccns 898
Still Alive...........4. Fapne sing someones 899
Reckless Railroading ................6- 899
Civic Effort for Beauty and Improvement 899
The Dreams of Christmastide........... 900
ye ae eR errr 901
Neutrality and Exports..............00- 903
pO ee ERT eee 904
Two Austrian Musicians..............-- 905
Di I si a ech aed sandeed 907
American Exports of War Munitions: A
ee ae GD WR nc kc kins caccsdtigece 909

The Story of the War

By Arthur Bullard, The Outlook’s War Cor-
respondent at Home

Japan’s Platonic War with Germany.... 914

By Eliza R. Scidmore
Thomas Mott Osborne —A_ Practical
Pee IRI, os Dh os crwacu'ed canis 920
By Frank Marshall White
Current Events Pictorially Treated...:.. 925

A Fortress-Cathedral of Southern France 933
By Henry Hoyt Moore

Feeding Wild Birds by Simple Methods. 942
By Ernest H. Baynes
A Negro City in New York............ 949
By E. F. Dyckoff
Reminiscences : Chapter XII. Reconstruc-
tion—Efforts for Its Solution........... 955
By Lyman Abbott
Commerce and Finance: The Expansion
of Europe’s National Debt............ 968
By Theodore H. Price
TEES 6c cc0k Sve Uuakcsmaeenmeanes 972

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The Outlook

DECEMBER 23, 1914

LYMAN ABBOTT, Editor-in-Chief HAMILTON W. MABIE, Associate Editor
R. D. TOWNSEND, Managing Editor

THE STORY OF THE WAR

As the war continues month after month its final outcome becomes more evidently
a question of endurance. Interest in the military action of the nations involved tends
to center in their relative ability to meet the appalling costs in men, money, and muni-
tions. Americans are therefore giving more and more thought to the social, political,
economic, and moral forces involved ; for these forces at the close of actual fighting
are likely to change greatly the face of Europe.

Mr. Arthur Bullard, who was The Outlook's war correspondent in the field during
the Balkan War, and who since the outbreak of the European war has written weekly
Jor The Outlook its story as our “ war correspondent at home,” will sail for Europe
about the first of January to study these larger problems at close range. From
time to time during 1915 he will contribute to The Outlook a series of articles on
the war as tt looks to the people actually concerned, giving especial attention to its
sociological, economic, and political phases.

The detailed story of events will be continued in these pages by Mr. George
Kennan and Mr. Gregory Mason, of the Outlook staff. Mr. Mason, whose
articles on Mexico will be recalled with interest by our readers, visited that unhappy
country last spring as The Outlook's special representative. He met and interviewed
Generals Villa and Carranza, was part of the time on the firing line, and fora
period of several days was so cut off from communication that there was considerable
anxiety among his friends lest his life might have been lost in the conflict. His
journalistic experience as well as his experience in Mexico entitle our readers
to expect from his weekly report and interpretation of the progress of the military
conflict in Europe a narrative which may be depended upon for its intelligence,
accuracy, and sense of proportion.

Of Mr. Kennan’ s special qualifications itis hardly necessary for us to speak. Since
his remarkable experience in Russia and Siberia in 1865 and 1885 he has become
the foremost living American authority on Russian affairs. His two books “ Tent
Life in Siberia”’ and “ Siberia and the Exile System” are permanent contributions
of importance to the literature of Russian development in modern times. He speaks
and reads Russian and is in constant and intimate communication with Russian
scholars and patriots. The rile of Russia in the European war grows daily of more
importance, and tf the Allies are ultimately victorious Russia will be an important
Jactor, perhaps the most perplexing factor, in the settlement of terms of peace. Mr.
Kennan's articles will be chiefly devoted to an interpretation of Russia's action, aims,
and policy ; and to comments on events that are likely to affect her power, her form

of government, and her relations to other European states. Mr. Kennan was the
893*

. 894* THE OUTLOOK

special war correspondent of The Outlook in Cuba during the Spanish War and in

23 December

Japan and Manchuria and on the firing line before Port Arthur during the Russo-

Japanese War.

We do not hesitate to express satisfaction that as the war has grown in magnitude
as a world problem The Outlook has been able to enlarge its scope of treatment.
With Mr. Bullard in Europe and with Mr. Kennan and Mr. Mason at home, we
shall be enabled during 1915 to give our readers an interpretation of the war which

will be noteworthy for fullness, breadth, accuracy, and human interest.

The Story

of the War for this issue will be found on page 911.

THE WEEK

TWO REPORTS

Within the past few days the official re-
ports of the Secretaries of the Army and Navy
have been laid before the President and the
public at large.

In recording the general impression which
any careful reader will receive from a perusal
of these two documents it is not necessary
to discuss in detail every statement they con-
tain to appraise them at their true worth.
One report presents to the reader the picture
of a Secretary who understands the function
of and the necessity for the Department over
which he presides. The other portrays a
Secretary whose attention is fixed upon the
by-products rather than the main purpose of
his Department, upon the justification of his
own views rather than upon the co-ordination
and presentation, as part of a definite Na-
tional policy, of the opinions of the experts
under his command. As may have already
been surmised, the latter portion of this sen-
tence does not refer to Secretary Garrison.

Aside from its fundamental defects, Secre-
tary Daniels’s report is open to criticism on
still another score, for in his general intro-
duction the Secretary presents the opinions
of those opposed to his views in a form
which they would not accept.

Two instances of this may be profitably
cited. Secretary Daniels says: ‘* The build-
ing programme recommended this year differs
little from the recommendations in last year’s
annual report. It is a ‘ well-balanced pro-
gramme.’ . . . The estimates were made
prior to the 15th of October, as required by
law. They follow the policy recommended
by the General Board, but reduce the num-
ber.” In another connection Secretary
Daniels says: “The opinion of the General
Board. . . is entitled to great weight. The

Department feels that it is upon safe ground
in looking to the Board to prescribe the
character of the ships to be constructed.”
Now it happens that the policy laid down
by the General Board is vitally dependent
upon other factors than the type and char-
acter of the ships recommended for construc-
tion. In 1903, after a careful consideration
of our National policies and interests, the
General Board of the navy laid down a policy
of construction based upon the authorization
of two battle-ships a year, which in 1919
would have given us a navy of forty-eight
capital ships and their necessary auxiliaries.
Congress has so far neglected this recom-
mendation that the construction programme
is at present some ten battle-ships in arrears.
In view of this consideration, the General
Board has for the past two years recom-
mended the construction of four capital ships,
not as part of a normal building programme,
but to make up the losses sustained from the
action of previous Congresses. With present
deficiencies in mind, the General Board rec-
ommended this year the construction of four
battle-ships, sixteen torpedo-boat destroyers,
three fleet submarines, sixteen coast subma-
rines, four scout cruisers, four gunboats, two
oil fuel ships, one destroyer tender, one subma-
rine tender, one transport, one hospital ship,
one supply ship, and the appropriation of
five million dollars for the naval aeroplane
service. Secretary Daniels, in cutting down
this recommendation to a minimum of two
dreadnoughts, six destroyers, eight subma-
rines, one gunboat, and one oiler, has no
justification for stating that his programme
in any way ‘follows the recommendation
of the General Board.” He is in the
position of a city manager who, after calling
upon a commission of engineering experts

THE

1914

to outline a proposed water system adequate
for a city’s needs, should issue a statement
saying that the opinion of these experts “ is
entitled to great weight ” and would in gen-
eral be followed, but that he had decided to
cut down the size of the proposed aqueduct
one-half. :

In another instance, Secretary Daniels simi-
larly seems to misunderstand the findings of
the General Board. The General Board this
year recommends that an adequate personnel
be provided by Congressional legislation
fully to man all the effective ships in the navy.
In reply to this recommendation Secretary
Daniels says: ‘‘ By wisely utilizing the pres-
ent enlisted personnel all ships of the classes
named can be maintained in full commis-
sion without addition to the present enlist-
ment, and therefore no legislation is needed.
This is clearly shown in a report by the
Chief of the Bureau of Navigation.”

Reference to that report, however, serves
only to confirm the opinion of the General
Board.» While, according to the Chief of
the Bureau of Navigation, the enlisted per-
sonnel is adequate for the present year
(and no longer), his report shows a consid-
erable shortage in officers, which cannot be
made good without following up the recom-
mendation of the General Board. Surely
Secretary Daniels must consider the officers
in the navy as a somewhat vital factor in its
efficiency !

SECRETARY GARRISON
ON THE ARMY

In happy contrast to the indirection of
Secretary Daniels’s report on the navy is
the straightforwardness of the report pre-
pared by Secretary Garrison on the army.
It is a report which, both because of
its specific recommendations and its pres-
entation of general principles, tempts to
lengthy quotation. Unlike the Secretary of the
Navy, Secretary Garrison permits the reports
of the various heads of bureaus in the War
Department to speak largely for themselves
without editorial interpretation. He notes,
however, among other items of particular
interest, that during the past year “‘ the health
of the army has been exceptionally good.
The last year,” he says, “has afforded the
lowest recorded non-effective rate in the
history of the army; a reduction of nearly
twenty per cent in non-efficiency from sick-
ness and injury has resulted. There were
only four cases of typhoid fever in the army,

WEEK

895*

including the Philippine Scouts. Two of
these were cases of recruits of four or five
days’ service, respectively, who had not been
immunized. Venereal diseases have decreased
about twenty-five per cent. The rate for
alcoholism is the lowest since 1873. The
health of troops in camps over a long period
of time has been extraordinarily good on
account of the high efficiency of camp sanita-
tion.” He announces that “ the system of
disciplinary companies which has been es-
tablished bids fair to be very successful ;’
and notes that “a large part of the army
has been occupied in actual field service at
Galveston, Vera Cruz, all along the Mexican
border, and in Colorado and Arkansas. The
fact that this duty was everywhere done in an
exceptional manner and without untoward
incident,” notes Secretary Garrison, “is
gratifying in the highest degree and deserves
recognition as difficult service extremely well
rendered. . . . The Student Camps were very
successful and bid fair to be more so, and
undoubtedly can and should be developed
into a most valuable assistance.”

SECRETARY GARRISON
ON AMERICAN
MILITARY PROBLEMS

After a brief discussion of the engineering
work under the control of his Department
and of the organization-of the Government
of Porto Rico and the Canal Zone, the Sec-
retary proceeds to a discussion of the prob-
lems confronting America as seen in the
light of the European war. He says:

It is, of course, not necessary to dwell on the
blessings of peace and the horrors of war... .
But peace and the other states of being just
mentioned are not always or even often solely
within one’s control. Those who are thought-
ful and have courage face the facts of life, take
lessons from experience, and strive by wise con-
duct to attain the desirable things, and by pre-
vision and precaution to protect and defend
them when obtained... .

In the early history of our Nation there was
a natural, almost inevitable, abhorrence of mili-
tary force, because it connoted military despot-
ism. Most, if not all, of the early settlers in
this country came from nations where a few
powerful persons tyrannically imposed their
will upon the people by means of military
power. .. . Of course all this has long since
passed into history. No reasonable person in
this country to-day has the slightest shadow of
fear of military despotism, nor of any interfer-
ence whatever by military force in the conduct
of civil affairs. The military and the civil are

896* THE OUTLOOK

just as completely and permanently separated
in this country. as the Church and the State are;
the subjection of the military to the civil is set-
tled and unchangeable. .. .

Unless this Nation has reached the conclu-
sion that it has no need for the preparation of its
military resources ... then we must earnestly
address ourselves to the question of such proper
preparation. I have reached no such conclusion,
and in fact am of the firm conviction that no
reasonable, prudent man who faces facts could
reach such a conclusion. .. .

Whatever the future may hold in the way of
agreements between nations, followed by actual
disarmament thereof, of international courts
of arbitration, and other greatly-to-be-desired
measures to Jessen or prevent conflict between
nation and nation, we all know that at present
these conditions are not existing. We can and
will eagerly adapt ourselves to each beneficent
development along these lines; but to merely
enfeeble ourselves in the meantime would, in
my view, be unthinkable folly. By neglecting
and refusing to provide ourselves with the neces-
sary means of self-protection and self-defense
we could not hasten or in any way favorably
influence the ultimate results we desire in these
respects.

Following the general principles enun-
ciated in these quotations—with them
The Outlook is in hearty accord—Secretary
Garrison discusses at some length the fact
that within the continental limits of the
United States we have at present a mobile
army of less than thirty thousand men, and,
as The Outlook has frequently pointed out
in the past, a reserve which at present has
the amazing total of sixteen men!

The first step which the Secretary advo-
cates in remedying such a condition is the
immediate increase of the enlisted per-
sonnel of the army by twenty-five thou-
sand men. This increase would bring up
to full strength the existing units of the
mobile army in the continental United
States ; would afford training for the officers
in the command of such military units as they
must handle in time of war; would prevent,
as far as the regular army is concerned, the
crowding of the ranks with raw levies in time
of National crisis; and would, further, prove
a wise investment from the standpoint of
economy in that no material increase in over-
head charges would be necessary, since the
existing physical plant and the administrative
organization of the army would not have to
be in any way increased to take care of these
twenty-five thousand additional soldiers. By
means of this increase, Secretary Garrison

23 December

believes that the army would be in a position
to undertake the next necessary step in prep-
aration for National defense—that is, the
preparation of a reserve.

He advocates, in this connection, the
policy of establishing a system of honorable
discharge from the army of those soldiers
who have become proficient. Secretary Gar-
rison believes that it matters little whether a
recruit enlists for a definite short period
or until he has received sufficient training
to understand the duties of a soldier, so
long as the army is made into a soldier
factory rather than a soldier storehouse.
Naturally, as Secretary Garrison points out,
it is but a logical step from this programme
to the provision of an adequate reserve of
officers and men for our organized militia and
the volunteer regiments that would have to
be called to the colors in time of war.

Certainly the programme laid down by
Secretary Garrison is clear, definite, and
statesmanlike in its presentation of the prob-
lems confronting the army. It is conserva-
tive in that it represents the very minimum
of the requirements of our National defense.

OPIUM

It is a satisfaction to report the final pas-
sage by Congress of the opium legislation
outlined by Dr. Hamilton Wright, who, as
delegate to the Shanghai Commission and to
the later Hague conferences, has had the
matter in charge for the State Department.

We began the anti-opium propaganda to
help China. We did not realize that our own
hands were not clean. When we did realize
it, the work of passing proper apie
through Congress began.

It resulted, in the first place, in the prohi-
bition of the import of opium except for me-
dicinal purposes. This was followed by legis-
lation prohibiting its manufacture and export.
Final legislation limits its inter-State transpor-
tation.

The bill in question passed the Senate in
the last days of the late session, and has just
passed the House. The passage was due
largely to the unpartisan effort of men like
Messrs. Burton, Lodge, and Thomas in the
Senate, and Mann, Underwood, Kitchen,
and Moore in the House. The measure
provides for the registration of opium or
coca leaves, their salts, derivatives, or prep-
arations, with internal revenue collectors,
and for the imposition of a tax upon all per-
sons who distribute them. The Commis-

o> © oe pet Ge hh ot Oem CUM lk

oo

1914 THE
sioner of Internal Revenue is to prepare
special forms which shall be sold to those
persons who shall have registered and paid
the special tax. It shall be unlawful for any
person who has not registered and paid the
tax to deliver any of the aforesaid drugs from
any State or Territory to any person in any
other State or Territory. Any person who
violates the requirements of the Act may be
fined not more than two thousand dollars, or
imprisoned not more than five years, or both.
A striking feature of the Act is that any one
who has not registered, and who is found with
any of the aforesaid drugs in his possession,
shall be deemed presumptively guilty of a
violation of the Act.

With the passage of this Act ends the great
humanitarian and economic reform begun six
years ago. Many deemed the plan then laid
down too far-reaching and impossible of
accomplishment. Its proper administration

is now all that is needed !

While Congress has acted with exasperat-
ing slowness in the matter, its action has been
gratifyingly non-partisan, save in the case of
the Democratic Appropriations Committee of
the House, which since 1910 has steadily
refused to make the necessary provision to

pay the expenses of the work.

THE FRENCH
YELLOW PAPER

Last of the Great Powers involved in the
European war, except Austria, France has
now placed her case before the court of
humanity in official form. The French Yel-
low Paper, republished in full by the New
York “ Times,” is interesting for what it con-
firms rather than for the new evidence intro-
duced.

Briefly, her case against Germany rests on
the assertion, backed by weighty evidence in
the form of the official communications of the
French Prime Minister and the Ambassadors
of the Republic in the various capitals, that
Germany at no time was ready to treat the
Austro-Servian question as of international
concern, but that she devoted her whole
efforts at preserving the peace to an attempt
to prevent the other Great Powers from inter-
fering with Austria’s attack upon the King-
dom across the Danube. While Russia,
France, England, and Italy stood prepared,
up to the last moment of Germany’s attack,
to settle the points of dispute at an interna-
tional conference, Germany was never ready
to accept any modification or control of Aus-

897*

tria’s intent. Further than this, the French
Yellow Paper gives added testimony to sup-
port the general belief that England was the
last of the Powers to give up hope of finding
means to avoid the European cataclysm.
Certainly, in so far as the official documents
which have been made public show, she took
every step possible to bring the Austro-
Servian question to a public settlement, and
to assure her citizens that her actions were
based, not upon any secret promise of France
(although there must have been an under-
standing as to how the two Powers should co-
operate if occasion demanded), but upon the
development of the situation as it confronted
her statesmen day by day.

The introductory documents published in
the French Yellow Paper (which deal not
directly with the Austro-Servian crisis, but
with the recent diplomatic and _ political his-
tory of Europe) furnish striking evidence to
the keenness of intelligence with which French
diplomats followed the political movements
and the popular sentiments of the countries
to which they were accredited. By contrast,
if not by direct inference, the French Yellow
Paper is a severe indictment of the German
diplomacy and the German statesmanship
which involved the German nation and its
ally in a war with all Europe, and at the
same time isolated the two empires frem the
sympathy of the world at large.

WEEK

THE RED CROSS
ANNUAL MEETING

“ The Red Cross is just now charged with
a peculiarly responsible duty,” said President
Wilson, who was the presiding officer at the
tenth annual meeting the other day in Wash-
ington. “It is the medium of the whole
world . . . in ministering to those who need
its aid under these distressing circumstances.”
For this reason the Red Cross meeting was
unusually important and interesting.

Mr. Robert W. de Forest, the Vice-Presi-
dent, whoisalso Chairman of the Belgian Relief
Committee, explained that, according to its
charter, the Red Cross cannot in time of war
solicit relief for non-combatants in the bellig-
erent countries, nor can the Red Cross under-
take the distribution of such relief. It is thus
estopped, for instance, from undertaking to
administer relief to Belgian non-combatants,
although it can help the Belgian army, just as it
helps the French or German army, by nursing
the sick and wounded. The Belgian War Re-
lief Committee, however, is officered in many

898* THE OUTLOOK

cases by Red Cross workers. The Red Cross
will also act as intermediary by transmitting to
the organizations best fitted to administer non-
combatant relief any funds, provided the
givers designate the particular country for
which this relief is intended. Thus the Red
Cross, while not able to do work for non-
combatants, is still aiding by every means in
its power the organizations for such relief.
A particular form of endeavor which it has
furthered is the forwarding of thousands of
letters from prisoners of war in all the war-
ring nations to their families, thus relieving
the anxiety of their relatives and friends.
Outside of the war work, the Red Cross
Commission for flood relief in China reported
that its engineers had submitted plans to the
Chinese Government which should entirely
prevent future floods and the terrible famines
resulting therefrom, and that the actual work
to accomplish this would shortly be begun.
The Christmas Seal of the Red Cross has
netted receipts for nearly two millions of
dollars for tuberculosis work. An increased

sale is predicted this year, notwithstanding
the drain caused by war relief.

FRIENDS IN
NEED

Men whose religious convictions forbid
them to take up arms are on the firing line
in Belgium. They are members of the re-
ligious Society of Friends—popularly called
Quakers.

When the war broke out, English Friends
were much disturbed and somewhat divided.
Loyalty to their country at such a time as
this seemed to run athwart their religious
beliefs. Late in August Philip J. Baker, a
young Friend, wrote a letter to the official
organ of the Society, asking all Friends inter-
ested in relief work on behalf of the soldiers
to write to him. Many readers of The
Outlook will remember Mr. Baker as the
author of an article which appeared in The
Outlook in October, 1912, about English and
American athletics. He gained reputation at
Cambridge as a runner, and was the only
Cambridge undergraduate at that time who
had ever been elected President of both the
Cambridge University Athletic Club and the
Cambridge Union. He had been also a
student at Haverford College, in Pennsyl-
vania. His father, a Canadian, is a member
of the English Parliament, and he himself has
gained distinction as a student of international
law. His letter aroused a good deal of dis-

23 December

cussion, some holding that Quakers had no
business to aid soldiers, even by caring for
the wounded; but Mr. Baker’s arguments
prevailed.

A training camp was established at Jordan’s,
where the famous old Friends’ meeting-house
stands in which William Penn worshiped
and where he is buried. A company of
young Friends went into camp there just as
the men who were enlisting for fighting were
going into camp; and there they took their
training. Then an ambulance unit started
for the front. This was on October 31.
Before they had crossed the Channel they
found themselves engaged in relief work of
the most strenuous kind, for they encountered
the British cruiser Hermes sinking after a
German torpedo attack. They rescued and
cared for many of the sailors. Then they
reached France and plunged into the work
of relieving the wounded. For thirty-six
hours these men worked without rest.

Within two weeks a third party had left for
the front, bringing the total number of the unit
up to sixty-five. In a little more than a week
after landing at Dunkirk a party of nine left
to establish a collecting and dressing station
at Ypres; but the town was deserted and
partly destroyed, so the station was estab-
lished at Woesten, a village about five miles
away.

The British require the men engaged in
Red Cross work to enlist and to carry side
arms. These Friends could not conscien-
tiously do this; so they applied to the
French Government, and were accepted.
These men are under fire, but have no
means even of defending themselves. Of
course the work that they do is for the bene-
fit of the wounded of all nationalities. Con-
tributions for the aid of this good work are
received and forwarded by L. Hollingsworth
Wood, 43 Cedar Street, New York. All
the money that is contributed is used solely
for purpose of relief.

A complete equipment and hospital outfit
was presented to the unit by an American
woman, the Hon. Mrs. Frederick Guest, wife
of a member of Parliament, and daughter of
Henry Phipps, of New York. This mobile
hospital left London on November 23. It
will form a hospital center to which to bring
sick and wounded soldiers.

The brave and efficient work that these
young men are doing so impressed an army
colonel that after coming home he called for
more men of the sort; for he said he had

ih) le i a, i a a

1914 THE
never seen young men “ buckle to” as they
did. He said that they would like to have
“ half a dozen corps at once.”

Thése are not Friends merely in word ;
but also friends in deed.

STILL ALIVE
Colonel Roosevelt is reported by the daily
press to have recently written to Dr. H. W.
Coe, a National committeeman in Oregon of
the Progressive party, as follows:
The public is tired of hearing of reforms, of
hearing from reformers, and especially from me.

We agree with Mr. Roosevelt that the
American people prefer to take their reforms
in small, consecutive—perhaps even homeo-
pathic—doses rather than in huge, purging
draughts. He is mistaken, however, if he
thinks that the American people are tired of
him personally. His personality is as varied,
surprising, eclectic, and engaging as ever.
Some of the daily newspapers of New York
have pronounced him dead and even buried
half a dozen times since he returned from
Africa in 1910. He has had more political
obituaries printed about him than any other
living man.

These observations are prompted by the
fact that Mr. Roosevelt gave, week before
last, at the American Museum of Natural His-
tory in New York City, a lecture regarding
his adventures and scientific investigations
during his trip down the “ Unknown River ”

in South America. Two or three thousand
people were turned away from the doors of
the Museum because the auditorium was
filled to overflowing with those who wanted
to hear him speak. He was greeted with
the utmost enthusiasm and listened to for
more than an hour with the closest attention.
His lecture depended for its attractiveness
almost entirely upon his personality and his
simple but unusual narrative. There were
no lantern slides to appeal to the popular
taste. The President of the Museum, Mr.
Henry Fairfield Osborn, introduced him not
as an ex-President or a statesman, but as a
distinguished American naturalist. Mr. Roose-
velt’s intimate friends have long known that
he finds a greater respite from the cares of
active life in the study of the fauna and flora
of the whole world, Arctic or tropical, than
from any other form of recreation. He re-
ceived when a boy his first impulse towards
the study of natural history in the American
Museum, and Mr. Osborn, its President,

WEEK 899*
rightly called the attention of the audience to
the fact that Mr. Roosevelt was the first
President of the United States who had taken
any active and effective interest in natural
history as a scientific pursuit. Certainly few,
if any, public men in owr time have touched
life so intimately on so many of its facets as
Mr. Roosevelt. He has been, and heis still,
we are happy to say, a man very much alive.

RECKLESS RAILROADING

What may happen to a wooden rear car
when hit in a rear-end collision is shown by
a photograph in our news-picture section this
week. Railway men have often said that under
modern railway methods the one thing that
ought to be impossible is a rear-end collision.
Yet in New York City last week two rear-
end collisions on the elevated road took place
within three days, with two resulting deaths
and injury to two or three score persons.

The first of these two collisions was caused
by almost incredibly wrong conduct, made
possible apparently by astonishingly lax rules.
The motor apparatus in the first or head
car of a train having gone wrong, the motor-
man ran the train from the fourth car.
Needless to add, he could not see ahead, so
he depended on signals given by a brakeman
standing on the zear platform of the first
car, by means of a handkerchief, at five
o’clock at night! No wonder this local train
ran into the rear car of an express which was
** stalled ” on the track ahead!

If this represents the rules and methods
of the elevated railways, something more is
needed to save life than the proposed substi-
tution of steel for wooden cars. Has not the
Public Service Commission something to say
or do in the matter ?

CIVIC EFFORT FOR BEAUTY
AND IMPROVEMENT

The American Civic Association, which
has led in the fight for the preservation of
the scenic integrity of the falls of Niagara,
celebrated the beginning of a second decade
of its existence at its meeting in Washington
early this month. The same spirit of aggres-
sive investigation in respect to Niagara was
evidenced in President McFarland’s state-
ment that the present power development
from the water of Niagara is estimated to be
at least twenty-five per cent of the total
amount of use possible without involving the
entire destruction of the scenic value of the
falls, and more than fifty per cent of the

900*

development which has been claimed to be
the possible maximum by Mr. R. P. Bolton,
a New York hydraulic engineer of reputation.

At this Washington meeting emphasis was
also laid on the vital importance of fostering
the proper control and development of our
National parks. The Dominion of Canada
sent its Commissioner of Parks to show
what Canada has already done for its Na-
tional parks. Commissioner Harkin gave
credit to the American Civic Association for
furnishing the inspiration and the data through
which he had been able to formulate and
put in practice the orderly plan for develop-
ing to the greatest advantage Canada’s im-
mense area of National parks; yet nothing
of the kind has been accomplished in the
United States save the appointment of a
superintendent. It is time for the American
people to make known a desire to have the
National parks at least as well administered,
controlled, and guided as are the parks of
most of our larger cities.

American cities have generally (the most
prominent exception is Washington) grown
without adequate planning. A session of the
Civic Association’s meeting was devoted to
setting forth practicable methods of promot-

ing city planning, at which Mr. ‘Thomas
Adams, a noted English town planner, who
is now Civic Adviser to the Conservation
Commission of Canada, gave an interesting

address. In this and a later illustrated ad-
dress before the joint meeting of the Asso-
ciation with the American Institute of Archi-
tects, Mr. Adams explained the progress in
England in consequence of the governmental
action which permits towns to plan, restrict,
and advance in true economy and with regard
to the efficiency, health, and happiness of the
population.

President McFarland’saddress on ‘‘ Wanted
—American City Planning for American
Cities’? developed need for more extended
consideration of the smaller communities and
proposed a Federal Department of Cities anal-
ogous to the Department of Agriculture.

An amusing as well as an interesting ses-
sion of the Civic Association was that devoted
to public nuisances, including the billboard.
Mr. Jesse Lee Bennett presented a careful
study of the legal phase of this question, show-
ing how strongly resentment was being mani-
fested all over the country at signboard intru-
sions. Two representatives were present
from the Billposters’ Association of America,
both of whom talked and answered questions

THE OUTLOOK

23 December

on * The Billboard from Its Own Angle,”
without in any way satisfying the audience
that the present promiscuous and outrageous
sign-posting methods of the country were
justifiable. It was the idea of these speak-
ers that when billboards were made on steel
frames and surrounded with ornamental
borders, with a foot or more of white space
between the border and the beer sign, all
objection would be removed to the placing of
these signs so as to obscure beautiful scenery,
great buildings, and fine vistas !

THE DREAMS OF CHRISTMAS.
TIDE

If the men and women who are tempted
to think that the Christmas story is only a
beautiful legend could see the world as it was
on the night when the Christ was born, they
would thank God that the race has traveled
so far towards the dawn. It is one of the
illusions which show us what children we still
are that present conditions seem to us to
have existed from time immemorial ; we look
forward so eagerly to the golden age that we
forget the iron age behind us. The wide-
spread misery, the hardness of heart, the
lack of humanity, the unspeakable immoral-
ities, the barbarous cruelty, the hatred between
races, which prevailed throughout the world
when the Christmas anthem was sung for the
first time would have made that beautiful
song, to one who knew the pagan world,
seem like a piece of bitter irony. Measur-
ing the standards of living, feeling, and acting
to-day by the standards of the first century,
the advance out of animalism and barbarism
has been immense. The moment we pass
behind the light of the intelligence and ideals
of the few in the classical age whose art and
literature survive to give us joy, we are ina
world of misery ; and when we look the con-
ditions under which men lived in the still
remoter past in the face, the wonder is, not
that we have gone so short a way on the path
to virtue and brotherliness, but that we have
gone so far.

Life is an education, and the processes of
education are severe and protracted in the
exact degree in which the work for which they
prepare us has spiritual dignity and intel-
lectual importance. There are simple man-
ual tasks which a man may learn in a day or
a week; and there are arts and tasks for

1914

which ten years are too short a novitiate.
The education of the human race is a matter
of hundreds, perhaps thousands, of centuries;
and that education must embrace all races
before the world can hope for a civilization
from which jealousy, greed, and hatred shall
be driven out as the money-changers were
driven out of the Temple. That education
discloses its progress in changing institutions
and conditions; but institutions and con-
ditions are valuable only as they express
or help in the development of character.
Society will be redeemed, not by institutions,
but by men ; the world will be saved, not by
political devices, but by character.

It is idle to say that civilization is defeated
and barbarism has returned because war is
devastating half the world. Deplorable as
that war is, it is comprehensible, and it has
revealed magnificent human qualities in every
nation: noble forgetfulness of self, indiffer-
ence to danger and hardship, loyalty to ideals
both national and personal. Through the
darkness a myriad torches are flashing. It is
not a time to despair of human nature; but
rather to rejoice that it redeems ignorance
with such sublime courage and faith in God
and country. Those whose faith falters in

the presence of this tragedy have not under-
stood the complexity and greatness of the
educational progress which is slowly lifting
the world toward the ideals of the Christ.
Out of this terrible purging there will come a
new and passionate demand for that justice
between nations which alone can lay the

foundation of permanent peace. Through
this terrible trial there will come a better
world. The signs of a new birth of right-
eousness are visible; a nobler civilization is
being born in the anguish of the birth-pangs
of half the world.

‘The birth of the Christ was a beginning,
not an ending. It was the beginning of
many sorrows and much _ burden-bearing,
because it was the promise of those spiritual
and imperishable joys into which men enter
only through the gate of suffering. The
great gifts cannot be received until the spirit
is prepared to receive them. Heaven would
be hell to the corrupt nature; the very bliss
of it would sting and torture.

Peace on earth was offered nineteen
hundred years ago, but God cannot force
it upon us until we are ready to receive it;
and it will be ours the very hour in which
we establish justice and good will among
men. The vision of heaven which the

THE GLORY

OF WAR 901*
shepherds saw was not an idle dream ; it was
prophetic of realities that are coming ; it was
one of those dreams which invite noble effort
and are changed by noble effort into the sub-
lime realities on which eternal life securely
rests.

These lines by Miss Susie M. Best, in
which the dream of Christmastide is described
with moving tenderness and insight, will per-
haps be new to some readers; they have a
Christmas message for every reader :

“That night when in the Egyptian skies
The Mystic Star dispensed its light,
A blind man turned him in his sleep
And dreamed that he had sight.
That night when shepherds heard the song
Of hosts angelic choiring near,
A deaf man lay in slumber’s spell
And dreamed that he could hear.
That night when in the cattle’s stall
Slept Child and mother in humble fold,
A cripple turned his twisted limbs
And dreamed that he was whole.
That night when o’er the new-born Babe
A tender mother rose to lean,
A loathsome leper smiled in sleep
And dreamed that he was clean.
That night when to the mother’s breast
The little King was held secure,
A harlot slept a happy sleep
And dreamed that she was pure.
That night when in the manger lay
The Holy One who came to save,
A man turned in the sleep of death
And dreamed there was no grave.”

THE GLORY OF WAR’

There are bull-fights and bull-fights. In the
Spanish bull-fight a maddened bull anda skilled
toreador struggle for existence to give pleas-
ure to a crowd of spectators. The immediate
object is to prove that the toreador is the
fitter of the two to survive. If it is the bull
which survives, the pleasure is modified—in
some of the spectators enhanced—by an
agreeable thrill of horror. Americans rightly
look upon this as a barbaric sport.

But if a mad bull gets into a school-yard
and rushes at the terrified children, and one
boy, brave and better fitted than the rest,
shows fight and saves the children at the
hazard and perhaps at the loss of his own
life, we honor the American toreador. For
his struggle has not been for himself, but for

1See last week’s editorial on ‘“ The Barbarism of War.”

902* THE OUTLOOK

others; not to show his power, but, by his
power, to render service to those in need.

When a nation, impelled by the delirium .

tremens of militarism, attempts to exhibit
and establish its power by bringing its neigh-
bors into subjection, none of the customary
measures depended on for the maintenance
of peace is of the slightest use. Scientific
development? It only makes Krupp guns
able to batter down the strongest fortifica-
tions, aeroplanes and dirigibles able to drop
bombs on unfortified cities, and mines and
submarines to add a new terror both to war-
fare and to commerce on the sea. Philo-
sophical culture ? The philosophers, infected
with the national delirium, teach the doc-
trine that life is nothing but a struggle for
existence and survival of the fittest, and
employ their learning and their world-wide
reputations in making respectable the bar-
barism of war. Humanity? The war lead-

ers declare that humanity has no place in
war ; that its object is to terrify combatant
and non-combatant alike, and the more terri-
fying it can be made the more effective it is.
Treaties of peace? Treaties are only scraps
of paper to be thrown aside whenever they
interfere with the plans which have been

made for conquest. Arbitration? Arbitra-
tion is condemned on the express ground
that it recognizes the right of the weak
nation to exist. And when a weak nation is
threatened by its powerful neighbor with a
punitive expedition for a crime of which it
declares itself innocent, and offers to leave
the oppressor to choose the tribunal to which
the question of its guilt shall be submitted,
the suggestion is carelessly brushed aside as
unworthy of consideration. Nor is greater
consideration given to arbitration when it is
reproposed by nations having no concern
with the dispute, no interest in the charge.
That one of its own allies joins in this pro-
posal lends to it no weight with the naticn
determined upon war.

There remains the “irresistible might of
meekness.” ‘That is a beautiful phrase and
it expresses a beautiful truth. But history
abundantly demonstrates that meekness is not
always an irresistible might. The Jews in
Russia were disarmed and submitted meekly
to their persecutors, and they were massacred
by the hundreds. The Armenians in Turkey
were disarmed and submitted meekly to their
persecutors, and they were massacred by the
thousands. Who will say that unresisted
murder is better for either the murderer or

23 December

the murdered than attempted murder re-
sisted by all the power with which the inno-
cent victim can equip himself ?

The history of our own century illustrates
dramatically the truth that the irresistible
might of meekness is no protection against
wrong-doing. Three million slaves in our
own country were compelled to work without
wages for more than a century. They had
no recognized rights of property or of per-
son. ‘They had no recognized legal right to
husband, wife, or child, none to education,
none even to the inspiration and consolation
of religion, though these they were permitted
to enjoy by masters who were infinitely
better than the system under which both
master and slave were living. Their weak-
ness did nothing for their succor. War
emancipated master and slave alike, and
nothing but war could have emancipated
them. Disarmament could not—the slaves
were disarmed. ‘The irresistible might of
meekness could not—the slaves were meek.
Arbitration could not—there was a Supreme
Court which had authority to decide whether
a State had a right to secede, and whether a
Nation had a right to coerce a State; but if
the question had been submitted to the Su-
preme Court, if it had decided that a State
had no right to secede, the South would not
have submitted; if it had decided that the
Nation had no right to prevent secession, the
North would not have submitted. A treaty
could not do it—a treaty was made fixing
a line beyond which slavery was never to go,
and when that line in the Southern devélop-
ment was reached the treaty was cast aside.

Whenever an individual professes to believe
that struggle for existence and survival of the
fittest is the only law of life, and arms him-
self to take the property of his unarmed
neighbor, we call him a criminal and use
whatever police force is necessary to protect
society from his violence. Whenever a body
of men is possessed of this faith, and seeks
to deny to peaceful citizens the right to life
and liberty, we call it a mob and use
whatever military force is necessary to pro-
tect society from the mob’s violence. When
a nation, pérverted from its nobler industrial
ideals by half a century of pagan philosophy
inculcated in schools and universities con-
“trolled by its war party, devotes its extraor-
dinary equipment to a practical demonstra-
tion of the doctrine that might makes right,
there remains no alternative for those who
believe that right makes might but to defend

bel:
inti
wo!
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dec
fro.
tha
for
pre
as «
tion
9
vari
side
Sist
selli
be |
wot
pea

1914 NEUTRALITY
by force of arms civilization from the assaults
of barbarism, defend the faith that the law of
life is a struggle for others and a struggle for
the salvation of the unfit from an armed troop
endeavoring to enforce upon the world the
law of the jungle—that is, the struggle for
existence, for survival of the fittest.

The Outlook wonders at the question, Has
Christianity failed? We do not recall in the
world’s history a more splendid illustration of
a national exhibition of a Christian spirit than
that manifested by heroic little Belgium. She
had pledged to Europe her neutrality. That
pledge was the protection of Germany from in-
vasion by France, and the protection of France
from invasion by Germany. ‘The proffered
bribe to disregard her pledge she rejected
with undisguised scorn. She had nothing to
gain and everything to lose by resistance.
And she heroically laid down her life rather
than sacrifice her word. If she should never
recover from the wounds inflicted upon her,
history should reverently inscribe upon her
tomb the apothegm, “ She laid down her life
for us, and we ought to lay down our lives for
the brethren.” If, impoverished, scarred,

and wounded, she rises from the battlefield,
Christendom should place upon her brow the

crown of self-sacrifice with that apothegm
engraved upon it.

NEUTRALITY AND EXPORTS

Some American merchants have been en-
gaged in supplying the belligerent nations in
Europe with munitions of war. Is it right
for them to do so? A good many Americans
believe that it is not. Measures have been
introduced into Congress which, if enacted,
would forbid the exportation of such com-
modities. Thus Representative Bartholdt
declares that “‘if supplies should be cut off
from this country, hostilities would cease,”
that by allowing the exportation of supplies
for the armies the United States is ‘‘ not at
present maintaining a position of neutrality
as outlined in President Wilson’s proclama-
tion,” and that we cannot maintain neutrality
“so long as one side gets supplies that for
various reasons cannot be obtained by the ather
side.”” Senator Hitchcock says, ‘‘ How incon-
sistent it seems, then, for our people to be
selling arms and munitions of war abroad to
be used to kill and maim!’ Senator Works
would starve the belligerents into making
peace, and would hold up not only arms and

AND EXPORTS

903*

ammunition, but shoes, blankets, foodstuffs—
everything that would help sustain an army.

There are three questions involved in
these proposals.

The first is a question of ethics: Is it
right for any one to supply an army with
anything that will help it in the work of
maiming and killing ? No, answer those who
believe that all war is essentially wicked.
War is hell, they argue, and as the soldier’s
business is but legalized murder, those who
supply the soldier with food, clothing, or
shelter, or with arms or horses or ma-
chinery, ‘are accomplices in crime. But is
war always wicked? [Is every soldier a'
murderer? We do not think so. We do
not count as murderers the fast-disappearing
veterans of the Civil War. Rather, we
honor them, because they were sacrificing
themselves for others. But they could not
have done their duty without shoes and
blankets and tents and horses and guns and
ammunition. So the men who supplied them
were to be honored if they supplied good
shoes and good blankets and good guns and
ammunition. Only those who are willing to
say that the veteran of the Grand Army of
the Republic is a legalized murderer can
consistently hold that it is always wrong to
supply to the fighting forces of a nation their
needed munitions of war. We donot believe
the American people will take this view. If
the exportation of arms and army supplies is
to be prohibited, it must be on other than
purely ethical grounds.

But may not the prohibition of the export
of munitions of war be justified on the
ground that this country is a neutral nation ?
This raises the second question, a question
of neutrality: Is it consistent with the neu-
trality of the United States that an American
should sell munitions of war to a foreign bel-
ligerent? In time of peace the right of the
citizens of one country to sell munitions of
war to another country is unquestioned. In
time of war this right continues, though such
supplies are subject to seizure. ‘The law of
contraband should not be confused with the |
law of neutrality. A neutral nation observes
neutrality only as its government treats all bel-
ligerents alike. It does not maintain a neutral
attitude if it declares by its acts that it intends
to starve a belligerent with which it is at peace.
But it is stated that. as Germany is excluded
from the sea in this war, it has not the same
chance at buying such supplies as its ene-
mies have, and that therefore the United

904*

States in fairness should refuse to sell to
those enemies of Germany. This means
that the United States should take part in
the conflict by doing, as far as it can, to the
injury of England and France by a commer-
cial operation what England has done by
naval operations to the injury of Germany.
This is urging, not that the United States be
neutral, but that it be unneutral. It is ask-
ing the United States to take part in the
war on one side without avowing itself as a
belligerent. It may be that the rules of that
grim game called war are not as good rules
as they might be; but it is not neutrality for
an avowedly neutral nation to undertake to
change those rules while that game is in
progress in order to even the odds in favor
of one side and against the other. On the
ground, therefore, of neutrality, the prohi-
bition of exports cannot be justified,

There remains, therefore, the third ques-
tion, a question of permanent policy: Is the
prohibition of exporting such supplies an act
that we should regard as friendly and neutral
if, the case being reversed, we were at war
and wished to purchase supplies from a neu:
tral power? At such a time as this the
United States must make its decision, guided
not by present sentiment and feeling alone,
but by its convictions as to what it regards
as the policy of permanent validity under all
circumstances. Suppose the United States
were at war with Great Britain and had
swept the British navy from the seas (a sup-
position plainly contrary to any conceivable
fact), and we were confining our operations
to defense along the Canadian border ; should
we regard it as a friendly and neutral act on
the part of Germany and France and Russia
and the other European Powers if they
jointly and severally refused to sell us clothing
for our soldiers on the ground that they
wished to be entirely neutral and to even mat-
ters up because England had lost her fleet?
We do not think that Americans would con-
sider that as a sign of neutrality and friendli-
ness. If it would not be a sign of neutrality
and friendliness on the part of Russia and
Pg yore and Germany under those conditions,

it would certainly not be a sign of neutrality

on our part to do likewise under present
conditions.

We do not think, therefore, that the pro-
hibition of the export of munitions of war
can be justified on the ground of ethics, on
the ground of neutrality, or on the ground of
a consistent permanent policy.

THE OUTLOOK

23 December

JAPAN AND THE WAR

There have been many statements from
German, Russian, Belgian, and English
sources explanatory of the position and pur-
poses of those countries in the calamitous
war now raging in Europe; but two coun-
tries have been conspicuous for their silence
—Japan and France. Miss Scidmore’s arti-
cle on “ Japan’s Platonic War with Germany,”
which appears on another page, is not a state-
ment of the causes which led Japan to enter
the arena of conflict, but a description of the
manner in which the Japanese have conducted
the war and in which they have treated their
German prisoners. On this subject no for-
eigner is more competent to speak than Miss
Scidmore, whose dramatic account of the
treatment of the Russians in Japan during
the war with that country, in “ As The Hague
Ordains,” has been read by many thousand
Americans. When the Russian prisoners
were sent to Japan from Manchuria, they car-
ried with them almost as many misconcep-
tions as have taken possession of the minds
of some Americans. They supposed they
were going to be brutally treated. On the
contrary, they were treated not only with ex-
treme consideration, but with great courtesy.
Many of them lived under the pleasantest con-
ditions they had ever known ; and they went
back to Russia carrying a knowledge of Japan
which has been of immense service in chang-
ing the relations between the two countries.

Miss Scidmore’s story of the Japanese
attack on Tsingtau is graphic and quite in
keeping with Japanese traditions and spirit,
and in striking contrast with the attitude of too
many Occidentals towards Japan’s participa-
tion in the struggle. Her German foes have
treated Japan’s appearance as a piece of
Asiatic impertinence; and many American
newspapers, and some American public men,
have apparently taken the attitude that Japan
has no rights in the Far East, and that any
Japanese activity beyond the boundaries of
the islands is an insolent interference with
Occidental interests. At the bottom of this
spirit lies the deep-rooted feeling among
many Western people of the inherent superi-
ority of the Western races over the Eastern.
The West has so long regarded the East as
ground for exploitation, and. has so long set-
tled its affairs in council without as much as
saying to India, Persia, or Japan, “ By your
leave,” that it has come to regard itself as
possessing the right to manage Eastern

1914

affairs according to its own judgment. Of
course this has not been the attitude of large-
minded people who know the Orient. It was
not the view expressed by Admiral Mahan
last June. “ Personally,” he said, “I entirely
reject any assumption or belief that my race
is superior to the Chinese or the Japanese.”
Until that assumption is abandoned by the
leaders of the Western races the West will
never understand the East and will never do
it justice; and the peace of the world will
never be secured.

For several years past there has been a
deliberate, well-planned, and sinister propa-
ganda to misrepresent Japan in this country
and to alarm and inflame American feeling.
A large number of American newspapers
have fallen into the habit of automatically
interpreting every movement on the part of
the Japanese Government as inimical to this
country. Again and again the most elaborate
misstatements of facts have been cabled from
Washington to Tokyo; and in that country
there are many evidences of a studied attempt
to irritate Japanese feeling and misrepresent
American aims and purposes. Dr. Gulick
has called attention to some recent evidences
of this malign endeavor to embroil the two
countries. A bogus telegram was published

in Tokyo, in August, announcing the de-
cision of the United States Government to
send the entire battle fleet to the Orient ; and
this was taken as evidence that the United
States intended to strike Japan while Great

Britain was involved elsewhere. This was
speedily followed by a detailed report of an
alleged speech made by Admiral Cowles in
Peking, warning the Chinese against the sin-
ister designs of the Japanese. Of course the
American Admiral had made no such speech ;
but the denial did not reach Japan until the
mischief had been done.

When Representative Mann, in his speech
on the Philippine situation, spoke in a gen-
eral way of the possibilities of future misun-
derstanding between the East and the West,
many American papers grossly misrepresented
the speech in such headlines as: “‘ War with
Japan Certain!’”? ‘These headlines were im-
mediately cabled to Japan, and Dr. Gulick
reports that a friend of his in Japan had said
that a few more militaristic speeches like Mr.
Mann’s might produce a very: dangerous con-
dition of feeling in that country. As a mat-
ter of fact, Mr. Mann’s speech was not mili-
taristic, and it was grossly misreported in
headlines. Dr. Gulick himself has been the

TWO AUSTRIAN MUSICIANS

905

victim of this irresponsible reporting. Not
long ago in New York he spoke of the danger
of the “ yellow journal” attitude towards
Japan, and sounded a warning against its pos-
sible consequence. The next day a respon-
sible New York paper reported him as saying
that war with Japan was inevitable within
thirty years; the headline read: “ United
States-Japanese War Sure! says Dr. Gulick.”’
The country does not yet understand that it
is in danger of too readily accepting as truth
propaganda in the interest of Germany and
inimical to Japan ; that its ignorance of Japa-
nese sentiment and opinion is being used by
rumor-mongers unfriendly to both Japan and
America. Since Japan’s participation in the
war Americans have been warned many times
from German sources to beware of Japan. Re-
cently, indeed, a writer defending the Austro-
German cause in the pages of The Outlook
went so far as to point out the peril to which
this country was exposed from an invasion
from Canada led by Great Britain and sup-
ported by Japanese and Indian troops! This
is an instance of the extent to which the Teu-
tonic hostility to Japan may be carried. Many
similar tales are being told in this country.
We are glad, however, to note some evi-
dence of a growing restraint and a keener
sense of responsibility among American news-
papers in dealing with the Japanese situation.

TWO AUSTRIAN MUSICIANS

If it is a place “in the sun ” that Austria
is seeking by force of arms, she is wasting
her men and her treasures; for she has it
already. Fritz Kreisler is an Austrian. He
is an officer in the Austrian army, and has
been in the trenches. But it is not on the
field of battle that he has helped to win for
his country that place in the sun, but on the
concert platform. He is undoubtedly one of
the greatest violinists of all time. Not all
violinists are artists, but Kreisler is a great
artist. There are few men who win for
themselves such a host of unknown friends
as he has won by his playing. And the
reason is close at hand. His great skill he
never uses for its own display, but solely to
give fuller freedom to the soul that he finds
on the printed page of the music. When
the composer has finished writing what he
has had to say, the work that he has created
is still incomplete. It needs the interpreter.
And if that work is to be really completed,

906 THE OUTLOOK

the interpreter, too, must be an artist. With
each performance he, as it were, creates
anew the composer’s work of art. It is be-
cause Kreisler never forgets this and devotes
his skill and his knowledge and his under-
standing to this art of newly creating what he
plays that people crowd to listen to him with
little regard to what is on his programme.

It is interesting to hear that Kreisler
proved a good comrade with his men and
was popular with them; it is interesting to
hear that he has undertaken to support some
forty children whose fathers were his com-
rades at arms; it is satisfactory to know
that the wound which he received has not
impaired his musical powers ; but it is exas-
perating to find that, for the sake of having
one more officer at the front, Austria was
willing to throw away, if need be, the life of
a man who had already won for her more
than she could gain by any feats at arms.

Fritz Kreisler appeared before an Ameri-
can audience again on December 12. Every
one in that audience, it is fair to say, was a
partisan of Austria—musically. The warmth
of the welcome Kreisler received was due
partly to rejoicing that so great a musician
had escaped the perils of war, but mainly to
admiration of the musician and of the art of
which he is a consummate master. It seems
as if Austria could make better use of such
a man than in sending him to the trenches to
be trampled upon by the horsemen of the
enemy. What would it profit that country
to gain new territory if it lost in the process
such a soul ?

Another son of Austria who has helped to
win for her her place in the sun is Erich
Wolfgang Korngold. His “Sinfonietta”
was played on Thursday, December 10, and
Friday, December 11, by the orchestra of
the Philharmonic Society in New York. This
composition is, in fact, a symphony. The
diminutive form which the composer has
given to its title is not indicative of diminu-
tive size or proportion. It is perhaps simply
a means of informing the audience that
there is nothing heroic or grandiloquent about
it. It has the joyousneess and exuberance
of youth in it. Once upon a time Brahms
wrote to a friend about his forthcoming
“Second Symphony,” saying that its tragic
character would impel the players in. the
orchestra during its performance to wear

crape on their arms. When the symphony -

was produced, it turned out to be the beauti-
ful idyllic “ Symphony in D Major,” which has

23 December

entranced even those who nurse their preju-
dices against Brahms. Perhaps it is some-
what in this same spirit of depreciation tha:
Korngold has given to his Opus 5 the titk
** Sinfonietta.”

There have come out of the Teuton peoples
in recent years few works of such significanc:.
as this symphony of Korngold’s. Indeed, i:
would be hard to mention a single one tha:
occupies just the place that this does. For
years Teutonic composers have been experi-
menting. They have been following in the
direction pointed out to them by Wagner.
They have left the road that had been traveled
by the symphonists—Haydn, Mozart, Bee-
thoven, Schubert, Schumann, Brahms.
Instead, they have been trying out new paths,
impelled to their experiments by Liszt and
Wagner. They have enlarged the orchestra,
Richard Strauss even introducing a wind
machine and other devices. They have been
experimenting, too, with harmonies, and all
sorts of changes in key, and even with total
disregard of key. This has not been confined
by any means toGermany; French composers
have been experimenting, too; but the Ger-
mans have been freer in their use of danger-
ous explosives, so to speak, than the French—
more interested in dissonance for its own
sake, or at least for the sake of escaping the
effects of harmony. The Germans, more-
over, have been impatient of old structural
forms, and have allowed their impatience to
extend to a dislike of structure itself. They
have been seeking bigness and noise in the
hope of finding thereby greatness. These
German experimenters have dominated the
realm of music to a very large degree. There
have been some unpleasant aspects of this
period in music. It has been accompanied
by a morbid interest in the ugly and the deca-
dent. It has been characterized by the
desire to get music to do rather imperfectly
what it is not fitted to do at all, and by
the desire of composers to get literature or
some other art to supply the deficiencies of
their own inspiration and intelligence. Yet
all this experimentation has been good,
although its products will not contribute to
the permanent literature of music to any great
extent. Naturally, the forceful and dominating
temperaments, such as Strauss and Mahler
and Schoenberg, have impelled other com-
posers to imitate them. And those composers
who have tried to follow these experimenters
have not succeeded very well because they
have neither been experimenters themselves

191

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1914

nor sufficiently original creators to take the
results of the experiments and form them
into original works of art. It was perhaps
inevitable that the effect on art of this experi-
mentation could not be known until a com-
poser should arise who had not only creative
genius himself, but who would come upon
these experiments not as something new and
strange, but as something familiar. Appar-
ently this has now occurred. Korngold was
born into the world of Strauss and Mahler.
What strikes the ear of an older person as
strange and unusual is to him a matter of
fact. And so he finds these products of ex-
periment on the same level with Bach and
Beethoven. What is the result? The dis-
sonances that have seemed so blatant and
self-assertive fall into their own place. The
freedom from tonality that has seemed so
often like the freedom of a bad boy con-
sciously engaged in an escapade has become
natural. Korngold is no more self-conscious
in using a new harmonic progression or a
new instrument in the orchestra than he is in
profiting by the example of old Father Bach.
He is not writing to show off his boldness of
initiative. He is writing because he has some-
thing to say, and he takes means of saying it
from Mahler as easily as from Mozart, and
from Strauss as easily as from Schubert.

The first movement of this symphony
begins with a buoyant melody in the strings.
There is something elusive about this melody.
The listener cannot carry it away with him ;
but when it reappears he recognizes it. So
it is with all Korngold themes, with one or
two exceptions. Here is somebody that has
the gift of melody who exercises it naturally
and spontaneously in ways undreamed of a
half-century ago.

One is tempted to write at length about
such work as this ; but there are three things
that stand out and deserve mention. One
is the fact that Korngold’s sense of structure
is sound. He has built up his work with re-
gard to architectural values. This symphony
is as definite, well built, and coherent as a
symphony by Brahms. The second is the
fact that Korngold’s sense of rhythm is as
great as his sense of structure. ‘There is
something almost American about his love
of syncopation and of rhythmic beauty. In
the third place, with all his freedom in the
use of the orchestra, Korngold has shown
his sanity by building all his instrumentation
on the foundation of the string band. He
has not only used the enlarged orchestra but

A PLAIN

LESSON 907

he has justified it. Korngold is as different
from Brahms as Brahms is from Beethoven
or Mozart; but he has come back to the
road that the great symphonists have trav-
eled, bringing with him wealth that others
have mined. In this symphony his tempera-
ment seems Mendelssohnian ; but there is
something in his work that is more virile
than Mendelssohn’s. It is risky business to
predict what is likely to happen to such work
as this; but it is a great temptation to say
that this symphony is going to have a_per-
manent place in the symphonic literature of
the world.

Some of the characteristics of this sym-
phony may be explained by the fact that
Korngold is now in his eighteenth year. He
could scarcely have been much more than six-
teen years old when he wrote this. His por-
trait appears in thisissue. He is a native of
Brunn, Austria, but now lives in Vienna,
where his father is well known as a musical
critic. We are told that at five years of age
Erich Korngold could take part in four-hand
performances at the pianoforte, and that he
composed a cantata at nine. When he was
barely more than thirteen years of age, a
musical pantomime of his was produced at the
Vienna Court Opera House. Those who
are looking for the renaissance of music may
well pray that this young fellow’s life may be
spared—and not his life only, but his sanity
and good sense.

The performance of this work by the
Philharmonic Orchestra, directed by Josef
Stransky, was admirable. The audience was
rather unresponsive. It is perhaps too much
to expect that a work of this sort should be
generally appreciated at a first hearing; but
the way the men of the orchestra played
showed that it was appreciated by them and
by their conductor.

4

A PLAIN LESSON

Fiction teaches us, among other things, that ©
human nature is very much the same under
all conditions ; that virtue belongs to no class
and vice to no locality; that good and evil
are combined in all people; and that what
creates character is not the absence of evil
impulses but the overcoming of evil by good.
"Phe chasm which separates classes of people
is apparent rather than real; it can always be
crossed by kindness and sympathy. For this
reason such books as Miss Myra Kelly’s
‘* Little Citizens’? and Mr. Jacob Riis’s vari-

ous sketches and pictures of the kind of
people he was trying to help are bridges
across the chasm.

Last winter, on a very cold night, a well-
known and very successful man found him-
self on a trolley car opposite a very shabby
and thinly dressed man who was evidently
suffering from tae cold. The successful man
happened to be wearing a new and extremely
comfortable fur overcoat, and the contrast
between his condition and that of the shivering
young man with the sensitive face opposite
struck his heart. There was a considerable
chasm between them, but he was able to
cross it because he has a big heart and
knows men. He began in a quiet way
to talk with his neighbor by saying, ‘“ I sup-
pose you are a workingman? I have been
a workingman all my life ;” and he proceeded
to describe some building work in which he
had been engaged. The young man’s sensi-
tiveness was disarmed; he found himself
talking to one of the most interesting men in
America, and this man seemed to be his
friend. Presently there was a free exchange
of opinions between them. Then the oppor-
tunity came to the prosperous man to say to
the other: “I fancy you are down on your
luck, as I often used to be. I am up on my
luck just now, and I would like to be of some
service to you; other men were to me. We
workingmen must help one another.” Be-
fore he left he had managed to slip a ten-
dollar bill into the hand of a discouraged and
half-freezing man.

Travelers who go through the Tennessee
or Kentucky mountains, and associate stories
of feuds with the strange-looking people
and lonely houses they see, might imagine
they were in a foreign country; but those
who read ‘“ Mothering on Perilous” last
year know that the “ humans” in the moun-
tains are exactly like the “‘ humans” in New
York except that they are more elemental.
That book was a romance of the realistic kind ;
* the human story is always romantic when it
brings to the surface the latent idealism of
human nature. Miss Furman’s “ Sight to the
Blind”? (Macmillan) recounts an experience
of special significance just now when many
people are inclined to believe that the divine
government of the world has broken down.
‘The trained nurse at the Settlement School
on Perilous gave a talk in a little district
school-house on the causes and prevention of
tuberculosis ; and then a little farther on she
talked to a group of mothers on the nursing of

908 THE OUTLOOK

typhoid and its prevention, as that disease hac
been epidemic in the country ; and there sh«
heard the story of Aunt Dalmanutha, who
before the judgment and curse of God fe’!
on her, as some of the mountain preacher:
told her, was ‘the workingest and mo

capablest woman up and down Clinch

She could weave her fourteen yards, or
hoe her acre of corn, or clear her man’s
stint of new ground a day; and she knew
how to plan and manage. But, like Job
one calamity after another had followed
her with such persistency that the mountain
preachers were sure that God was punishing
her ; and the woman had turned on God and
cursed him. Her husband had died, seven
of her sons had followed him, and she had
never lifted her voice, she told the nurse ;
and then she was reduced to a last son
and to her little daughter, the child of her
prayer. When that child began to grow
pale and to pine, she had cried out to God to
spare her. “It is cruel, it is onjust,’”’ she
said. “.. . I will never endure it!” And then
the child died, and later, with much weeping,
her sight went out; she was old and lonely,
desolate and blind. ‘It were cruel, it were
onjust, it were horrible, it were wicked of God
to treat me that way, and never will I say it
wa’n’t.” And then the trained nurse waited
a minute and answered quietly and slowly :

It was cruel, it was unjust, it was horrible, it
was wicked, that you should have been made
to suffer so; above all, Aunt Dalmanutha, it
was unnecessary. With a little knowledge, and
proper food and fresh air, your daughter's life
could have been saved; with knowledge and
proper treatment your sons need not have died
of dysentery or typhoid or even diphtheria;
with knowledge your blindness itself, which is
no curse, but would as surely have come upon
you had you never lost Evy and never rebelled
in your heart, need have lasted only a few
months. For these are cataracts that you have
on your eyes, and nothing would have been
simpler and easier than their removal.

The sorrowful woman had a brain, and she
began to use it; she saw that she was hold-
ing God responsible for conditions which were
of human making; and when her sight was
restored, as it was when she knew where to
go for advice and help, she became radiantly
happy. She had lost her children, but she
had regained her faith in infinitelove. There
are many people to-day who are holding God
responsible for conditions made by men in
defiance of his will, against his law, and in
bitterest antagonism to his love.

SE ee

~

an oe soe a | OA

> — — Mm «bo

A POLL OF

HE Cedar Rapids (lowa) “ Gazette ”’
chronicles the report that a Pennsy]-
vania firm has received a big foreign

order for submarines, and adds:

Back and forth, across the numerous countries
ridden by war, flash automobiles, great, powerful
machines, many of which were built in the
United States and shipped to foreign ports for
war usage. Ammunition made in the United
States was used until the supply was ex-
hausted. ...

Right now thousands of horses are being pur-
chased in the United States for shipment to
England and France. A purchasing agent was
in Cedar Rapids this week to buy one hundred
head. The slaughter of American horses has
been tremendous, of such magnitude as to
advance the horse market quotations in this
country by leaps and bounds.

All these things, concludes the Iowa paper,
tend to show that the United States has been
implicated in the war to a considerable ex-
tent. ‘Some may even maintain that this
country must carry its share of the responsi-
bility for the war, inasmuch as it has done so
much toward supplying the necessities.”

Referring to the submarine order, the Phil-
adelphia “ Telegraph” thinks it a matter of
course that Mr. Charles M. Schwab would
agree not to construct submarines in this
country for the use of belligerents in the
European war if the Administration notified
him, as was its duty, that such work would be
a violation of neutral rights. The paper adds:

Neutral nations have paid high for permitting
that to be done, and England itself has had that
experience, having paid the United States a
large sum for allowing Confederate cruisers to
be fitted out and sailed from her harbors during
the Civil War. ....

The Administration has acted wisely in this
matter, and has yielded no rights in relation to
any of the belligerents. It has undertaken to
maintain a strict neutrality, and the prohibition
of war-ship construction is an essential part of
that policy. To build and ship in sections
would have been a mere subterfuge which could
not have been explained.

The sale of arms and ammunition is large,
according to the editor of the ‘ Fatherland,”
a paper printed in this country in the interest
of Germany and Austria. He reports, we do
not know on what authority, that England is
getting from one company 200,000 rifles and
200,000,000 cartridges, and that this com-

AMERICAN EXPORTS OF WAR MUNITIONS

THE PRESS

- pany will also send to England its total out-

put of artillery cartridge cases ; that from still
another company England is getting 700,000
rifles and 200,000,000 cartridges; that an-
other company has sold 15,000 machine guns
and 50,000 revolvers to England ; another,
200 armored motor cars, with machine guns ;
and another, 4,000,000 pounds of powder ;
that France has a contract for 900 howitzers,
for 7,000,000 pounds of powder, for 100,000
rifles and 13,000,000 cartridges ; that Russia
has orders for artillery ammunition estimated
to amount to $12,000,000, for 100,000 car-
bines and 100,000,000 cartridges, and for
aeroplanes. ‘

But the sale of arms and ammunition will
be checked if Senator Hitchcock has his way.
He has introduced a bill in Congress to for-
bid American powder and arms manufactur-
ers to sell their products to belligerents in
time of war. This legislation is urged be-
cause one group of belligerents which, with
the ocean open to their vessels, is able to
obtain these supplies secures an undue ad-
vantage over the group the commerce of
which has been blocked.

The Milwaukee “ Sentinel ’’ may be taken
as a representative of those newspapers,
evidently in the minority, which look favorably
upon the proposition. ‘We make bold to
say,” declares the ‘Sentinel,’ ‘ that it
would be for the world’s good and consonant
with the higher progress if the law were
changed.”” ‘The Milwaukee paper adds:

The Hitchcock Bill brings up the question
whether, in view of Great Britain’s ability to
prevent direct shipments to Germany and her
allies, the finer spirit-of neutrality does not obli-
gate us to prevent by statute the right of our
citizens under international law to “vend and
export arms.”

Another Milwaukee paper, however, the
* Leader.”” points out an obvious truth.
It is difficult to see, says this Milwaukee
journal, wherein the sale of war munitions
after war has begun is more evil than the
sale of war munitions before war has been
declared. In either event a bomb or bullet
is as deadly. ‘There were many of our
citizens who thought it unfriendly for the
Kaiser to permit the Krupps to supply
Huerta with guns and ammunition after we
had landed an expedition at Vera Cruz to
prevent arms from reaching him, but the
909

Kaiser’s Government saw no impropriety in
providing him with arms.” The Milwaukee
paper thus continues :

The Krupps have equipped nearly every
nation in Europe. Germany has been like the
eagle whose feathers tipped the arrow that
pierced its breast. But business is business.
There could be nothing more intolerable to
German capitalism than to place a ban upon the
sale of cannon and armaments—one of its prin-
cipal industries.

American capitalists, who are not a bit less
enterprising than those of Germany and Eng-

-land, have always believed that whatever can be
manufactured in Europe could and should be
made here. The last thing that they would
countenance would be an attack upon our home
industries.

We have an idea that Congress will not pass
Senator Hitchcock’s bill. He might submit
such a proposal for adoption by all of the Pow-
ers at an international congress after the war
shall be over, to be rejected by the Krupps, the
Armstrongs, and the Schwabs, lest, by discour-
aging preparations for war or the ability of any
defenseless nation to prosecute a defensive cam-
paign, peace should be imperiled.

Senator Hitchcock himself is thus reported
concerning the matter :

An argument put forward against my bill is
that, if we prohibit the sale of arms and muni-
tions of war to belligerents now as a violation
of neutrality, we may find ourselves embar-
rassed if we ever get into a war and need to
look abroad for war supplies.

I concede that it is the strongest argument
yet advanced against the measure, and yet it
can be answered; for it does not necessarily
follow that, because we refuse to sell arms and
munitions of war abroad, we will not be able to
buy abroad, for there would be some country
ready to sell to us, and if allcountries quit sell-
ing there would be no more wars.

As a matter of fact, it is the right of
Americans to sell contraband of war to bel-
ligerents. The New York “Sun” quotes
Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State, as
saying :

Our citizens have been always free to make,
vend, and export arms. It is the constant occu-
pation and livelihood of some of them. To
suppress their callings, the only means perhaps
of their subsistence, because a war exists in
foreign and distant countries, in which we have
no concern, would scarcely be expected. It
would be hard in principle and impossible in
practice. The law of nations, respecting the
rights of peace, does not require from them such
an internal disarrangement in their occupations.

910 THE OUTLOOK

The same paper also quotes Secretary Olney :

The citizens of the United States have a right
to sell arms and munitions of war to all comers
—neither the sale nor the transportation of such
merchandise, except in connection with and in
furtherance of a military expedition prosecuted
from our shores, is a breach ofinternational duty.

It is no concern of the nation at peace to
who is helped or who is hurt by this lawful
trade, asserts the “Sun.” “It is for the
belligerents to intercept, if they can, contra-
band of war consigned to their enemies.
Theodore Salisbury Woolsey, Professor of
International Law at Yale, writing in the
same paper, says:

The President forbids a large contract for
submarines in sections, which are simple con-
traband, by our absurd construction of the
statute which forbids our furnishing ships. A
Senator proposes a bill to stop dealing in con-
traband altogether.

Why should a neutral government prefer
belligerent interests to neutral interests? It is
a betrayal of trust. More than that, it is an
assumption by the neutral of the belligerent
duty of preventing the carriage of contraband,
thus illegally taking part in the war and inevi-
tably aiding one belligerent at the expense of
the other, as well as to our own cost.

“The one and sole interest which the
Government should favor is that of the
United States,”’ the “‘ Sun ” declares, “ yet, as
if its trade and commerce had not been suffi-
ciently dislocated and imperiled by the war,

. there are ‘ idealists’ and foreign parti-
sans in the Congress who are eager to go
still further to cripple American manufactur-
ing and to put a severe embargo on the sale
of supplies to belligerents.”

** Any change arrived at during the prog-
ress of the war in the provisions of the stat-
utes or regulations controlling exports would
itself constitute a breach of neutrality,” affirms
Mr. George Haven Putnam in a letter pub-
lished in several New York papers. ‘“ The
munitions and supplies in question are open
to the purchase of all of the contestants, the
shipments being of course made at the risk
of either the shipper or the buyer.” Mr.
Putnam concludes, as do most critics, that if
in the progress of the contest the commerce
of one group of contestants has been blocked,
“the condition is one for which the United
States is in no way responsible and of which
it ought, according to my understanding, to
take no official cognizance.”

The Outlook’s discussion of this subject is
to be found on another page.

ae a ae

THE STORY OF THE WAR

BY ARTHUR BULLARD
THE OUTLOOK’S WAR CORRESPONDENT AT HOME

there were no reports of sweeping

movements on land in the two main
battlefields of France and Poland. Servia
scored the military honors of the week. And
the naval battle off the Falkland Islands was
the most dramatic incident.

In the eastern campaign, the reports in-
dicate, the Russian retreat has stopped and
Warsaw is no longer in immediate danger.
The news from East Prussia shows how much
the official bulletins leave unsaid. In No-
vember we were told that the Russians had
defeated a German force at Mlawa, had
driven them acress the frontier, and had
occupied Soldau, one of the most important
railway junctions in East Prussia. There
was no more news from this quarter until
early in December the despatches began to
refer to a German advance south through
Mlawa, with the evident intent to get behind
the right flank of the Russian Army of
Poland. Such a move could not have been
possible unless the Germans had first re-
occupied Soldau and Mlawa—of which oper-
ation we had heard no word. But day after
day the despatches gave greater importance
to this operation. The Russian official bul-
letins of the 14th and 15th claimed that this
drive was defeated and that the Germans
were being driven back once more towards
the East Prussian frontier.

There does not seem to have been any
large movement on the main front from
Lowicz through Piotrkow to the Galician
border near Cracow. The Russians—after
abandoning Lodz—managed to stand firm on
their new line. Both sides seem to be gath-
ering breath and strength for the next move.
In this waiting game the advantages are to
the Russians.

The Galician campaign to the south is cov-
ered with a fog of uncertainty. The Aus-
trians apparently have sacrificed their Servian
campaign in order to concentrate against
Russia. Their effort seems to have been to
turn the left flank of the long Russian line,
so to relieve Przemysl and Cracow. There
has been no indication so far of success for
this move, but the fighting here seems to be
still undecided.

\ROM the 9th to the 16th of December

In the western campaign there have been
no changes which could be noted except on
a very large map. The official French bulle-
tins have announced minute advantages at
many points along the line from Alsace to
the Channel. Individually these gains are
small, but taken together they show that the
Germans are on the defensive, and that
everywhere the Allies are maintaining a
steady pressure. In all probability they are
concentrating their reserves at various rail-
way centers fifty or a hundred miles back of
the firing line, ready to pour them into any
breach they may make in the German line.
The three points of greatest pressure seem
to have been the two extremes—Alsace and
Flanders—and the valley of the Meuse near
St. Mihiel.

The fighting has been continuous and des-
perate at this latter point since the outbreak
of the war. The Germans had a heavy con-
centration of first-line troops at Metz even in
times of peace. This “ garrison’ force was
able to fight its way through the French
defense to the town of St. Mihiel, on the
Meuse, and to throw some troops across the
river. But to the west of the river is a line
of high cliffs—not unlike the Palisades on the
New Jersey side of the Hudson—and on their
crest the French resistance stiffened and the
Germans were halted.

The French have tried to regain St. Mihiel
by continuous direct attacks and by persistent
efforts to cut in bétween this outpost and the
base at Metz. It is now reported that they
have closed in till the Germans hold only one
road to bring up their supplies, and that the
French have advanced from both north and
south to within cannon shot of this last line
of communication.

The presence of the Germans on the left
bank of the Meuse is a constant menace of a
new advance into the heart of France. Gen-
eral Joffre is likely to bend his every effort to
dislodge them from this vantage-point before
he pushes a serious offense elsewhere.

SERVIA RESURGENS

The obituary notice for Servia which I
wrote two weeks ago was decidedly prema-
ture. The Serbs have come to life again
911

912

with a whoop. The Russian raids into Hun-
gary had their desired effect. The Austrian
operations which resulted in the fall of Bei-
grade are said to have engaged seven army
corps—about 300,000 men. And _ nearly
half of this force was recalled to take part
in the effort to relieve Cracow.

The Serbs had been driven back from the
flat country to the north into their mountains.
But as soon as the Austrian force was weak-
ened they swarmed down on the plain once
more, and official despatches from Nish

claim a decisive victory and the reoccupation.

of Belgrade. The official Austrian bulletins
admit a scrious reverse and heavy losses.

The news of this new Servian victory will
hardly increase the loyalty of the Austrian
Slavs. New and more detailed reports of
dissatisfaction in Hungary are current. The
plight of the House of Hapsburg seems to
be growing from bad to worse.

THE WAR AT SEA

The fundamental principle of land and
naval strategy is the same. All great gen-
erals—while they may make some concessions
to miracles—believe that God fights on the
side of the most numerous battalions and the
driest powder. There is a romantic legend
that in the brave old days of chivalry a really
debonair knight errant would voluntarily sur-
render “ unfair ” advantages so as to fight on
equal terms. But there is little, if any, his-
torical evidence of such noble courtesy in
war. The maxim of modern strategy—on
land or sea—is to outnumber your enemy.
The business of the Admiralty—as of the
General Staff ashore—is to concentrate suffi-
cient odds in its favor to make defeat a
miracle.

All the naval forces of the Allies are work-
ing in the closest co-operation under orders
from London, so the British Admiralty dis-
poses of a force many times stronger than that
of Germany and Austria. The main German
strength was grouped about the Kiel Canal,
and the Austrian fleet was on the Adriatic.

The British Admiralty knew the approximate-

position of every hostile ship at the moment
of the declaration of war. It was _neces-
sary to concentrate naval forces in the North
Sea and the Adriatic which were amply
strong enough to blockade the main German
and Austrian strength. But a number of

hostile ships were scattered about in other
parts of the world.
The

Breslau and Goeben were in the

THE OUTLOOK

23 December

Mediterranean. Efforts to capture them
failed ; they escaped into the Dardanelles and
were “ bought” by Turkey. But they were
bottled up there and the important sea route
from Suez to Gibraltar was open to com-
merce.

The Karlsruhe was known to be in the
neighborhood of the West Indies. It has
done large damage to British shipping already
and has not—as we go to press—been put
out of action.

Other isolated German war-ships were at
large in the Atlantic. They were mostly
merchant ships which had been quickly con-
verted into commerce destroyers. Apparently
they have all been cleaned up.

The main German naval strength outside of
European waters was in the Pacific. The Ad-
miralty undoubtedly knew the numberof these
ships and their exact location at the outbreak
of hostilities. But once a ship has disappeared
over the horizon, it is lost—it becomes as elu-
sive as the needle in the haystack. There
were two chances. The German ships might
act separately—like the Emden—and try to
do as much damage as possible in a career
which, however brilliant, was sure to be short.
Or they might concentrate and act as a unit.
It is probable that the British expected that
they would get together. But, of course,
there was no way of knowing where they had
planned their rendezvous. Until Japan’s
intentions were known, it was a fair guess
that they would try to keep in touch with
their base at Kiaochau.

The Admiralty had a more pressing duty
than the immediate destruction of the hostile
ships. First of all, it had to assure convoys
for the transports which were bringing the
colonial troops to Europe. And it is prob-
able that from the very first the available
war-ships of the Allies were rushed to those
waters where the troop-ships were moving.
The appearance of the Emden in the Indian
Ocean would tend to strengthen the expecta-
tion of a concerted German action in that
neighborhood.

We do not know certainly where the vari-
ous units of Admiral von Spee’s fleet were
when war broke out. Censorship is very
much more easy at sea than on land, and we
can only guess at what happened. The indi-
cations are that the German ships were
ordered to concentrate at some place off the
coast of South America. Apparently the
English expected them to turn up in the Far
East. It is probable that every one of the

1914

Allies’ squadrons, cruising between New
Zealand and Suez, was much stronger than
the combined German fleet.

It is hard to understand why the Germans
took to South American waters—for there
was no part of the globe where they could
do less harm to British interests. By going
where they were least expected they certainly
managed to keep afloat longer than if they
had tried to strike at more vulnerable points.
If this German fleet had dashed into the
Indian Ocean and sunk a couple of troop-
ships, even if they had gone to the bottom in
August instead of December, it would have
been a much greater blow to the Allies than
anything they could hope to accomplish on
the Chilean coast. The explanation of their
course will probably come out after the war,
but the record of their other ships and their
own last fight, which they could have avoided
by accepting the shelter of a neutral harbor,
is enough to prove that cowardice was not
their motive.

Although their run to the Horn was hardly
to be expected, the British Admiralty ought
to have recognized it as a possibility. And,
although fuller future knowledge may show
mitigating circumstances, it certainly seems
to have been very bad strategy to have
allowed Admiral Cradock to get in the Ger-
mans’ way in such inferior strength.

The chance or blunder which threw a
weak English squadron in the path of the
German fleet was better luck than Admiral
von Spee had any right to expect. Ina very
businesslike way he steamed in and sank all
the English ships which stayed to fight. But
this easy victory was also his death-warrant.

Several hours before we read in the papers
of the fight off Coronel the British Admiralty
had the news. In one of the rooms in their
office in London is a great map of the world,
and the position of every one of their ships
is indicated. Within an hour after the news
reached London the commanders of the
Allies’ ships in all the seven seas were deci-
phering despatches which told that Admiral
von Spee’s fleet was located off the coast of
Chile. Every available ship—British, French,
Russian, Japanese—sounded the “ hullaba-
loo’”’ and started under full steam for the
Horn.

The Germans were probably outnumbered
ten to one in the Pacific. The destruction
of the Emden had freed the British ships
which were guarding the Indian Ocean. The
fall of Kiaochau had released the entire

THE STORY OF THE WAR.

913

Japanese fleet. Very likely the French and
Russian Pacific squadrons outnumbered the
Germans.

It is quite probable that on some of the
uninhabited islands of the sea, on some bar-
ren and isolated points of the Chilean coast,
the Germans had established secret wireless
stations. Von Spee undoubtedly knew the
fate which was preparing for him. His one
chance was a dash around the Horn into the
Atlantic.

But the gentlemen standing before the
big map in the Admiralty Office in London
could see as plainly as he that this was
his only chance. Orders had gone out to
the Allies’ ships in the Atlantic. ‘They were
rushing towards the Horn from Cape Town,
from Madeira, from Gibraltar and the West
Indies.

We do not know the names nor the num-
bers of the ships which finally cornered von
Spee off the Falkland Islands. The British
Admiral—Sturdee—whose name is men-
tioned in the despatches was supposed to be
in England. Perhaps he had brought war-
ships from the home fleet with him.

We have no knowledge of the extent of the
English losses. The official bulletin says
that they were small, but the same officials
thought that the loss of the Audacious was
too small to mention.

The Dresden alone, of the German ships,
escaped. It put into the neutral harbor of
Punta Arenas and reported that the British
fleet was much larger than the German, and
included two superdreadnoughts. But the
number of ships which took part in the actual
fight is a rather uninteresting detail. If
von Spee had sunk them all, he would have
had to meet twice as many on the morrow.

He was really defeated the moment he
encountered Admiral Cradock’s fleet and told
the British Admiralty where he was.

As we go to press on the 16th the news
comes that German ships have bombarded
some of the English coast towns on the
North Sea a short distance above Hull. The
first despatches indicate a small loss of life
and no very serious material damage.

If this is the isolated raid of some daring
cruisers which have slipped through the block-
ade, it will have little effect beyond stimulat-
ing recruiting in England. But it may be
the first move of a more ambitious attempt.
Every indication, however, points to a great
superiority for the Allies’ fleet in these waters.
New York, December 16, 1914.

JAPAN’S PLATONIC WAR WITH GERMANY

BY ELIZA RUHAMAH

ately, evidently reluctantly, in the great

war last summer ; responded, as bound
by her alliance to do whenever requested,
and this time ‘to protect British commerce
in the Eastern seas.” So quietly and so
slowly did the wheels of Government move
towards that end that many hoped until the
very last moment that Japan would not be
embroiled at all. It meant a setback to
all political plans and the breaking of
the promise to reduce taxation by which
Count Okuma’s party had come to power,
in Opposition to the military clique which
had ruled so long unhindered and con-
tinually demanded more millions for more
armament. The 16,000,000 yen surplus
in the ‘Treasury, which gave opportunity to
reduce the business tax under which the mer-
cantile classes were groaning, vanished into
the 60,000,000 yen appropriated for the
Shantung expedition, and the merchants

ik joined very slowly and deliber-

stoically accepted the situation.
Throughout the whole affair Japan has

been calm, quiet, self-contained—a splendid
object-lesson of how to go to war and not
lose your head. There was no boasting,
no hurrahing, no noisy “On to Tsingtau!”
The troops moved unseen, the expedition
embarking from southern ports, and northern
troops moving down by night trains to re-
place the departed garrisons in Kiushiu
Castle towns. All the rules of war on land
and sea, all the Hague conventions, and all
the etiquette of slaughter on land, in the air,
on and under the sea, have been scrupulously
observed—a war with velvet gloves—* our
platonic war ’’ with Germany, as T. Miyaoka
has so cleverly described it.

Early on the morning of the 15th of Au-
gust a few mounted lancers, preceding the
Court carriages, escorted the Emperor and
Empress and their-suites to the railway sta-
tion. All Nikko, upper and lower village
people, officials and priests, and a thousand
picturesque white-clad pilgrims on their way
to the midnight ceremonies on the summit of
Nantaisan, lined the streets in devout silence
as the little cavalcade went by in the earliest

1 Miss Scidmore is recognized in the East as one of the
foremost of American authorities on Japan gad lapenese
affairs, a reputation which was established in 1 ) by the
publication of her book “ Jinrikisha Days in Japan.” She
was in Japan at the time of the declaration of war, and has
only just returned to the United States—THe Evitors.

914

SCIDMORE '

sunrise. ‘There was a council at the Tokyo
palace that afternoon, and the ultimatum
went to Germany, despatched through Italy,
Switzerland, Holland, Denmark, Siberia, and
America, to make sure that it reached Berlin
promptly.

Not often in history has the whirligig of
time brought about so picturesque an incident
as that of Japan now in alliance with two
of the Powers (France and Russia) that
made the protest against Japan’s retaining
dearly won Port Arthur in 1905, “ advising ”’
the third Power (Germany) to withdraw from
the Chinese mainland “for the sake of the
peace of the Far East.” It could not be
called a rude or insulting note, for Japan
employed the exact words and phrases of
‘advice ” given her ten years ago, repeating
the German note of 1905 verbatim. At the
end of the China War in 1895 Japan could
not match the great fleet of Russian, French,
and German cruisers gathered at Chefu, all
cleared for action to enforce their advice.
Japan choked her pride and her wrath and
submitted. Resistance would have been
folly ; useless bloodshed the immediate result,
and the further consequences incalculable.

Disregarding the Austrian example in ulti-
matums, Japan allowed Germany a week to
return an answer to her advice, and a month
for disarmament and withdrawal should Ger-
many accept the advice. Upon receipt of
the ultimatum in Berlin every Japanese in
Germany was clapped into prison, the Ger-
man Government explaining thatit could not
otherwise protect them. Japanese Embassy
officials could not see or communicate with
them, nor get the list of their names. One
hundred and seventy-eight Japanese profes-
sors and students, valets, acrobats, shop-
keepers, and even children, were so detained,
with no definite charge against any one of
them. Next the German Government seized
£250,000 of Japanese Government money
deposited in the Deutsche Bank in Berlin, and
grim war was on without any answer being
returned to the ultimatum.

Neither the ultimatum nor the declaration
of war made any difference whatever in the
condition of the German residents in Japan.
No disturbance or demonstration was made,
no change occurred in their relations or
conditions. German reservists continued to

JAPAN’S PLATONIC WAR WITH GERMANY

leave for America and Tsingtau—-even by
Japanese vessels—and no one was arrested
or molested.

With appreciation of what had befallen
British, Russian, and French Ambassadors
and Consuls as they left Berlin and other
German cities, the German Ambassador in
Tokyo was in a panic from the first week of
August. His fears were so conspicuous and
so unnecessary that the manifestation of
them gave the one touch of gayety to the
affairs of all nations that seethed in Tokyo’s
terrific heat. Count Rex, elderly, stout, rheu-
matic, had suffered one strain to his nerves
the winter that. the bubonic plague threat-
ened him at his post in Peking, and his
alarms in Tokyo caused a further and more
elaborate locking of gates and doors and
shuttering of all the visible windows in his
Embassy compound. Attachés living in other
parts of Tokyo removed to the Embassy in-
closure at once by his order. But even after
the ultimatum expired and a state of war
existed between Germany and Japan Count
Rex and his staff lived on for a week in Tokyo
and no demonstrations were made in the hot,
deserted stretches of Nagatocho, where the
lonely police and gendarmes watched one
another day in and out.

The German Ambassador and his staff
and his Consuls sailed August 30, and the
remaining German community saw their offi-
cials off, with all the flowers and toasts,
“ Hochs /” and “‘ Auf Wiedersehens /” their
hearts desired, on the American steamer Min-
nesota for Seattle. One German yachtsman
even cruised about the harbor in a catboat
with the German flag at the mast bellowing
his last regards by megaphone. ‘The officers
of the Japanese torpedo-boats, acting as guard
ships for Yokohama, only smiled at this
naive disregard of international etiquette.
No imagination could picture a Japanese
flag assisting at a similar function in Ham-
burg’s or Bremen’s harbor with German tor-
pedo-boats smiling on the scene.

Simultaneously with the declaration of wa:
the Minister of Home Affairs, alarmed by
the savage ways of war in Christian Europe,
issued instructions concerning the protection
of German subjects in Japan, securing them
the same protection of person, property, and
honor as before if they conducted themselves
without prejudice to the interests of Japan
and her allies. The Minister of Education
warned teachers not to make imprudent
remarks that might rouse the animosity of

915

young students, and urged them to show
every kindness and facility to German teach-
ers and students who might be called to the

colors. The Chief of Police in Tokyo re-
minded people that, although the two Govern-
ments ‘‘had entered into hostilities for good
reasons,” the people of the two countries as
individuals should not act against each other
in any way, and that the citizens of Tokyo
should be more magnanimous than ever to
those Germans who chose to remain; that
they should not hold public meetings to
inspire animosity, but always to be worthy
members of a civilized country. Wherefore
German residents went about their affairs as
freely as American or Spanish residents. Of
twenty-four German teachers in Government
employ only three left to join the colors at
Tsingtau, over fifty German teachers re-
mained in private employ, and no students
or classes showed disrespect or turbulence.
German mining engineers continued their
duties at distant mountain villages among
thousands of laborers, and even the German
editor of a subsidized newspaper continued
his criticisms of everything Japanese, his
philippics against England, and Hobson
prophecies of war between Japan and
America. After one warning by the police
his journal was suppressed and he was
ordered to leave. Angered Britons, when
they had cooled, realized that it would have
been better to imprison him “for protec-
tion,” as he speedily went to Peking and
assumed charge of an anti-Japanese news-
paper, and began to make things hum in
that distracted, politics-ridden capital.

Contrary to European example, German
Government money deposited in Japan was
not touched, and the Deutsche Bank in Yoko-
hama continues unhindered in its manage-
ment. No German property was injured,
no German molested. No one’s German
governess, valet, or employee of any kind
was interfered with or imprisoned. Ger-
mans naively wrote their names in the lists
for tennis tournaments, unconscious of the
fact that not a British woman or child would
tread the same court with them.

While this went on in Japan non-com-
batant Japanese were still detained in German
prisons and the vigorous representations of
the American Ambassador in Berlin were
unavailing. In October the German author-
ities, through the American Government,
intimated that the Japanese prisoners would
be released provided the Japanese Govern-

916

ment gave a similar guarantee for the safety
of German residents in Japan! If that
were guaranteed, the German Government
would ‘not only release the Japanese, but
even afford them all facilities for depart-
ure.” On October 27, through the still more
strenuous efforts of Ambassador Gerard,
seventy-one Japanese were delivered to him
and sent under Embassy escort to Zurich,
Switzerland; but thirty-eight Japanese re-
mained in German jails, some of them the
children of Japanese residents in Germany.

The Germans, one and all, bitterly resented
Japan’s coming into the war game. They
could not accept the same logic and plea of
loyalty to an ally by which they explained
Germany’s stand by her ally, Austria. They
recounted unceasingly all that Japan owed to
Germany in military and medical training,
modern science, and art and philosophy.
Japan even owes the life of Japan’s Emperor
to Germany, they said, since as a delicate
child he was cared for by a German physician.
They proved so convincingly that everything
was due to contact with German culture
that for once Commodore Perry had a rest,
and no American made himself heard with
that perennial, age-worn claim of the American
after-dinner speaker in Japan: “ We did it
all’’—i. ¢., started Japan in the path of modern
science and progress. Are “We” and
“Commodore Perry ” always to be crammed
down the Japanese throat at the Japanese
banquet board by the touring American?

The German officials left, protesting the
ingratitude of the world and Japan. ‘ Why,
this war was not to come off until next spring,”
whimpered one German official’s incautious
wife; ‘and then we were all to have been
safely home in Germany before it began.”
A most illuminating break, which the British
circulated with gusto.

The German officials were convinced that
the German army would be in Paris by Sep-
tember 15, before their ships could reach
Seattle ; that the war would be over in a few
months; and that they would all return quickly
to their dwellings, which they left intact,
servants on duty, gardens growing.

There was no war thirst in Japan, no lin-
gering animosity or resentment at the advice
of 1895 that had robbed them of Port Arthur,
no race hatred or cry of ‘‘ white peril’’ when
war was declared. Intellectual Japan grieved
deeply at the necessity ; every army surgeon
and university professor was saddened. at
being arrayed against honored teachers, and

THE OUTLOOK

22 December

was cut to the quick by the violent expressions
of German professors and officials.. “ Japan
biting at Europe’s heel,” and “ robbing ’’ and
‘** stealing Tsingtau,” often raised peals of
merriment,

The Eighteenth Army Division and other

divisions in the southern island furnished
the force of thirty thousand men, under the
command of Lieutenant-General Kamio,
which constituted the Shantung expedition.
General Bannardiston with twelve hundred
British, eight hundred Wales Borderers, and
eight hundred Indian troops joined the land
force, and British ships took part in the
blockade, the whole fleet commanded by
Admiral Kato. The whole Japanese navy
was in commission, but only small cruisers,
torpedo-boats, and destroyers were at Tsing-
tau. The battle-ships and swift cruisers
were off scouting the South Sea for the
marauding German cruisers, keeping the
ways of commerce safe for merchant ships,
concentrating with the British ships towards
the South American coast, and escorting
the great fleet of transports that bore the
Australian contingent of 35,000 troops as far
as Suez.
. As the blockading fleet took position off
Tsingtau, August 25, a typhoon swept
the coast, and it was followed by a second
and fiercer typhoon, that scattered the ships
and made landing from transports a diffi-
cult affair at Laitschou Bay, one hundred
miles north of Tsingtau.

Shantung Province was flooded as it has
not been flooded in sixty years; rivers
rose until whole valleys were inundated;
villages of mud-walled houses melted into
these lakes, and crops were drowned. ‘The
trenches around Tsingtau were filled or
washed away, embankments crumbled, wire
entanglements collapsed, and hidden land
mines were exposed. All Shantung was a
mud slough after the waters fell, and it
was a fortnight before the last Japanese
contingent and the heavy siege guns were
landed. Through sloughs of mud_ they
reached the shores of Kiaochau Bay, and
farther inland seized a station of the Ger-
man railway line leading up three hundred
miles to the provincial capital of Tsinanfu.
This railway, connecting with the Tientsin-
Pukow line from the Yangtze, which was
German property and partly owned by the
German Government, was seized for all its
length, its bridges rebuilt, its coal mines
relieved of their hidden explosives, and the

1914

locomotives fitted with missing parts. By
this railway the Germans had received war
materials, food supplies, reservists from all
parts of China, and the returning crew of
the disarmed Austrian cruiser which had
been interned in earliest August. The
Germans had been making belated efforts
to transfer their railway to some neutral
Power, but the neutral Legations at Peking
were firm against any such entanglement.
The British Minister seemed to be the only
one in Peking whose advice--Yuan Shi-kai
asked for and followed, and when things
were at more than boiling-point at Tsi-
nanfu, and the German officials were threat-
ening, Yuan Shi-kai sent them his trusted
political adviser, Dr. Morrison, formerly of
the London “ Times.” To those familiar with
the tangle of Peking’s personal politics of the
last decade this was another rare touch of
humor in the gloomy world. Throughout the
siege Tsingtau had had communication by
wireless with both Peking and Shanghai, and
’ the Chinese officials were well-nigh distracted
by British and Japanese demands that this
means of communication cease.

From the very first the Japanese an-
nounced that it would be a slow campaign,

their first object being to avoid all possible

loss of life on either side. It was their hope
that the besieged would see the folly of pro-
longing operations and surrender while they
could make terms.

But the Kaiser exhorted the garrison at
Tsingtau to hold out to the end, as he would
rather see the enemy in Berlin than lose his
empire in the East. The Japanese called
for surrender, and the Governor, Meyer Wal-
deck, answered :

Never shall we surrender the smallest bit of
ground over which the German flag is flying.
From this place we shall not retreat. If the
enemy wants Tsingtau, he must come and take it.

It was reported that there was a strong
feeling for surrender on the part of the
three thousand German reservists, under
the age of forty-five, drawn from business
and professional life in all parts of the Far
East. No reinforcements nor outside aid
could ever be expected, and it was only a
tedious wait for certain death, the practical
ones said. The Governor and the military
officers would not listen to talk of surrender,
and duels were fought over the suggestion.
From time to time reservists who had no
stomach for fighting against such forlorn
hope, or who reasoned that live Germans in

JAPAN’S PLATONIC WAR WITH GERMANY

917

- Hankow or Shanghai were better than dead

ones in Tsingtau, slipped away by night, re-
appeared in those cities, and unblushingly
defended their conduct. Several reservists
even returned to Japan while the siege went
on, and one German officer, Major Derken-
man, military adviser to Yuan Shi-kai, who
had left that billet to go to Tsingtau in early
August, returned to Peking and resumed
attendance on Yuan Shi-kai. It was farci-
cal after that to insist upon the Chinese
interning the crew of the German torpedo-
boat stranded on a rock as they were effect-
ing their escape from beleaguered Tsingtau.
It was boldly suggested in print that Japan-
ese aviators should distribute maps showing
a convenient back door left open every night
for such reservists as wished to abandon
Tsingtau before it was too late.

Before the general attack on the posts
began, October 22, the Japanese called a
second time for surrender and gave oppor-
tunity for the non-combatants to leave. The
American Consul, some women and children,
and priests were passed from one boat to
another in a rough sea outside the harbor,
where more than a thousand fixed and float-
ing mines had been dredged up and snared.
Chinese junks past counting had been blown
up, as well as one Japanese cruiser and de-
stroyers of both sides, by these mines. A
band of women sheli-divers from the province
of Ise offered their services to clear away the
mines, but the Japanese authorities denied
them emphatically. They were puzzled and
aghast at foreigners’ applause and approval
of such an impossible thing as women taking
any part in military work. Some kink in the
Japanese brain made the thing so absurd and
improper that no Japanese whom I knew
could agree with me that it was the most
picturesque incident of the war. Any one
who has seen those Ise women somersault
down into Toba Bay and crawl around for
three and five whole minutes before coming
up with a pearl shell knows that they could
have dealt with fixed and floating mines as
easily.

The real bombardment of the inner forts
began on October 31, the Emperor’s official
birthday, “as prearranged,” they might have
said; for a party of high officials, foreign
military a¢tachés, and members of Parliament
had been waiting for a fortnight in Tokyo
ready to embark cn a despatch boat to
Tsingtau ‘to watch operations in Shantung.”

The first lot of prisoners, seventy-seven in

918

all, and all captured on outpost duty, were
brought to Japan early in October and as-
signed to Kurume, on the southern island, the
headquarters of the Eighteenth Army Division.
They were received at the station with cere-
mony by the military officers of the garrisons,
by Mrs. Kamio and the members of the
local Red Cross Society. I visited them
myself later. The men were quartered in a
Buddhist preaching-hall and class-rooms, the
officers in the Lord Abbot’s rooms at the
Bairingi Temple, and the wounded men in a
separate ward of the military hospital, where
the chief surgeon and all his attendants spoke
German. Officers, men, and invalids were
allowed to speak to me freely, and one and
all acknowledged the courtesy, consideration,
and unfailing kindness of the Japanese offi-
cers in charge. As with the Russian prison-
ers of war in 1904 and 1905, the Japanese
are doing ‘As The Hague Ordains,”* and
then doing even a little more fot their
charges.

The captives are kept at different old
castle towns, now headquarters of military
divisions in the southern islands, in order to
gain the advantage of mild winter weather.
Buddhist temples and preaching-halls have
been rented for such use, and are readily
adapted to the purpose. The prisoners live
under the most lenient regulations, and the
Prisoners’ Information Bureau in ‘Tokyo per-
mits communication, takes charge of any con-
signments, and answers any letters of inquiry
concerning the captives. The prisoners’ fami-
lies may join them, rent houses in the towns,
and the prisoners may live there with them
under light restrictions, as Russian prisoners
were permitted to do in 1904 and 1905.

I once heard a blustery American take a
Japanese to task for exhibiting at the Panama
Exposition. ‘ Why do you help make this
fair a success in the State and the city where
Legislature, press, and people have so abused
you? Pay them back, draw out, save your
money !”’ thundered the irate one. ‘ They’ll
never thank you.”

** Ah,” was the answer, “ that would be
a very small spirit, to show resentment in
such way. Japan rejoices more than other
nations that the Panama Canal is complete.
We can make a first exhibit of Japanese
magnanimity, perhaps.”

Since the war began Japan has been

courted by all the Powers in Europe and

~ 1 As The Hague Ordains: 7 ne Jounal of the Wife of
a Russian Prisoner in Japan” (T
New York).

e Century Company,

THE OUTLOOK

23 December

directly and indirectly appealed to for help.
In season and out, M. Pichon, former Min-
ister of Foreign Affairs, has argued in print
for a Japanese contingent in Europe; he
remembers and always acknowledges gener-

ously that he, while French Minister at
Peking, owed his life, as did all the other
foreigners, to the stiff defense of the Su Wang
Fu by Colonel Shiba and his Japanese guards
and volunteers. Besides troops—a whole army
corps, it is said, the Russians have called
for to strike the sure terror to the heart of the
enemy which they themselves experienced
when Nogi’s men from Port Arthur fell upon
the Russian right at Mukden—besides a
fighting contingent, there has been a-call for
a body of one hundred thousand Japanese
coolies to intrench, that feature of the division
of military labor having impressed all foreign
observers of the war in Manchuria.

It is comforting to any people to be appre-
ciated, to have their merits and abilities ac-
knowledged, to be the honored ally of Great
Britain, and to work with her in military and
naval undertakings ; but Japan has not at all
lost her head with all the successes, courting,
and coaxing and flattery that have gone on.
She knows she is a great Power, with a great
navy, and an army second to none in merci-
less efficiency and first in humanity and chiv-
alry, and her people have no notion of mixing
in the European mess, of marching to the
shambles of Europe, of dying for any other
emperor than their own. Despite Congress-
man Hobson’s warnings and prophecies and
the machinations of the Peking press and
diplomatic wire-pullers and of the American
masquerader in Tokyo, she does not want
to and is not “ going to war” with America.
It would not pay, and Japan is a very hard-
headed, practical Japan since the last war left
her the great legacy of taxes. Japan is not
striving to gain “the supremacy of the Pa-
cific ’’—if that means ninety per cent of the
commerce and carrying tradeé—because she
already has it, and has had it without real-
izing that it was anything to make a great
fuss about. Four merchant ships under the
American flag are a pitiful plea for “‘ suprem-
acy ;” and, more than this, our strangling navi-
gation laws, the tyranny of labor unions, and
the solidarity of the labor vote will forever
check the United States from getting any
more of the supremacy. As good neighbors
and mutual customers, the one needing silk
and tea as much as the other needs raw cot-
ton and machinery and wheat, there is room

1914

and chance for both without jealousy and
crowding and blocking.

If ever there was the retort courteous,
just retribution, and also an object-lesson
that no country can ignore, the Japanese
have afforded it in this little war at Tsingtau, a
campaign that they entered upon with delib-
eration and dignity, with every courtesy and
honor to the enemy, without boasts or threats,
gibes or jeers at their opponents, and without
any interference whatever with non-combat-
ants. The whole campaign was conducted
according to the rules of war and of chivalry.
“ Noblesse oblige”’ is easily translated into “the
way of the Samurai,’ and dusido, in work-
ing even in the field, should by contrast give
acute heart-searchings and violent blushes to
some in Europe.

There was never any ranting in print,
never recourse to petty retaliation, no descent
into medizval savagery. It was a duty, and
it was performed with thoroughness and
efficiency. Japan has been a loyal ally, an
honorable foe, and incidentally has set an
example to Christian Europe and shoveled
hot coals on Australia’s head until the
antipodes ought to sizzle. She has turned
the other cheek to white Australia, and
turned the tables with a magnanimity they
must acknowledge. Let us hope that we
have done with those senseless catch-words,
“the Yellow Peril.’”’ This very war has
raised too many embarrassing questions as
to what is white and which is yellow, and
shown that white can become something
ranker than yellow, and that Christians may
get a lesson in Christian-like conduct from
those whom they have essayed to teach.

It was necessary to destroy the Germans’
stronghold on the Asiatic mainland and their
coaling and wireless stations throughout the
South Seas in order to protect commerce and
trade and industry. Japan must have wool
from Australia and cotton from America and
iron from China to keep her factories running,
and silk and tea and small wares must go to
America if Japan’s people are to live and pay
taxes. Her commerce must be protected
at all cost, and, thanks to her navy, Japanese
steamships have crossed the Pacific back
and forth unhindered, keeping to their fixed
schedules just as they did last year.

There have been gay little by-plays in the
Pacific to relieve the hideous tales of the war
in Europe. ‘‘ The Marshall Islands. must be
taken. There’s coal and a wireless station
there,’’ said the British Admiralty lords. The

JAPAN’S PLATONIC WAR WITH GERMANY

919

Japanese went—only eight hundred miles, two
days’ steaming from Japanese island shores—
and took them, and handed them over to
Australia with an indifferent “You may
have them if you want them,” that ought to
rest America’s hair-trigger nerves. The cap-
ture of the Marshall Islands was a gay little
comedy that should get into comic opera yet.
There was no fighting, no shot fired in anger,
no defense by the little body of Germans at
Jaluit when the Japanese cruisers came.
Two surveying schooners sank themselves
into the bay, an imprisoned Japanese copra
buyer was set free, and the German Governor
given two hours to get ready to go to Japan
on the man-of-war. At Yokosuka, the naval
station in Yeddo Bay, the German Governor
of Jaluit and his family were put on a torpedo-
boat and rushed up to Yokohama at a gait
of thirty miles an hour—to a Japanese
dungeon and chains, of course, the gloomy
Germans thought. A charming young Ameri-
can Vice-Consul, in a high hat and frock coat,
and the chairman of the German residents’
committee, also in gala array, were waiting
to receive the Jaluit party at the Zatoba. The
Japanese officer in charge presented his pas-
sengers, clicked his heels together, saluted,
and was gone—racing back to Yokosuka at
full speed. ‘‘ Where am I to go?” wailed
the Governor of Jaluit, and the two high
hats conveyed him in a shining motor car to
the Grand Hotel. ‘“* Wheream I to go? Where
am I togo ?” he insisted, demanding to know
his prison place. It was long before he
could comprehend that he might go wherever
he pleased, that the Japanese Government
wanted none of him, was done with him, and
would be only too pleased to have him go
soon. German funds were forthcoming from
the Deutsche Bank, and he betook himself to
Honolulu, where there is a powerful German
community and a new German colony of the
interned Geier’s crew and the crews of Ger-
man merchant ships that wait the end of the
war with him.

Tsingtau was small game, a by-play only
of this great war to the victors of Port
Arthur, Mukden, and Tsushima. The man-
ner and the good manners of that capture—
which they graciously let stand as a surrender,
since the white flags rose only as the storm-
ing parties rushed through the last breach—
their courtesy to the vanquished, their kind-
ness to the prisoners, are the greatest glory
of the exploit.

Japan has said that she will ultimately

920 THE OUTLOOK

return Tsingtau to China, administering it
until the Peace Conference permits her to
negotiate with China. A peaceful and pros-
perous Shantung, growing beans and silk to
ship by the Japanese railway and Japanese
ships from the free port of Tsingtau, will
pay her best in the long run, and Japan
would gain nothing by holding on to Tsing-
tau. All Europe grinned and scoffed when
we said that we would return Cuba after the
Spanish War, but we did retire, and occupied
and retired from it even a second time. If
the meddlers in ‘Peking will only cease to
stir strife, China can date a great prosperity
from the return of Tsingtau to its owner,

"| “o acceptance by Thomas Mott
Osborne of the wardenship of Sing
Sing Prison, his occupancy of the
post approved by the present Governor of
the State and by his successor, marks the
longest step yet taken in the advancement of
the new penology that aims at the moral re-
habilitation of offenders against the law. It
means that the State of New York has for-
mally abandoned the barbaric system of pun-
ishment by retribution, and that hereafter
our prisons are to be conducted as hospitals
for diseases of the soul, not as institutions in
which, in the language of Dr. Frederick H.
Wines, guilt is measured on the one hand and
suffering on the other and an equitable bal-
ance struck between the two. Mr. Osborne’s
appointment means also a long step toward
the consummation looked forward to by the
new penologists, when the control of the
destinies of a man convicted of crime, by the
judge who tried him, shall cease with his
committal to prison, the extent of his punish-
ment to be determined by the warden, and
only men of exceptional capacity and moral
fitness to hold that office.

Mr. Osborne, who is in the middle fifties,
is an alumnus of Harvard and a man of
affairs. He has retired from business with
a fortune, and has held more than one public
office. He was Mayor of his native city,
Auburn, New York, from 1902 to 1905, and

THOMAS MOTT OSBORNE—A PRACT ICAL
PRISON IDEALIST

BY FRANK MARSHALL WHITE

23 December

never again to be alienated to any European
Power. In the last months the Germans
wrecked all the public buildings, the docks
and wharves, and shell fire destroyed the
great barracks and forts, the water-works, and
the electric light works. The young forests
were cut away on the land side to give the
guns sweep, the forty miles of perfect auto-
mobile roads were neglected, and forty mill-
ion marks of German taxpayers’ tribute
have gone for naught. German trade and
commerce are paralyzed, perhaps never to
recover, and German merchants, once on the
pinnacle of prosperity, are ruined throughout
the East. <

was for nine years a member of the Board of
Education of Auburn. He wasa member of
the Public Service Commission of the Second
District from 1907 to 1910, and last year was
made Chairman of the State Commission . on
Prison Reform. During his entire public
life he has been known to politicians as an
ardent obstructor of political schemes and a
consistent enemy of Tammany Hall and all
its works. He was little known to the gen-
eral public, however, until the fall of last
year, when he attracted what may fairly be
called universal attention by undergoing a
week’s voluntary confinement in the State
Prison at Auburn, during which period he
lived the life of the other prisoners, worked
with them in the shops, subsisted on their
food, and slept locked in a cell at night.

The newspapers of the time published a
great deal about Mr. Osborne’s prison expe-
riences, but only those who have read his
own narrative of those seven days, ‘“ Within
Prison Walls,” can appreciate the nature of
the ordeal through which he passed. For he
did not test prison life with any sense of ad-
venture; at his age men to whom the com-
forts and luxuries of life are available are
wont to take advantage of them. His sole
purpose was to ascertain actual conditions
in a State prison; to learn at first hand some
of the evils of the existing prison system.
* Within Prison Walls,” by the way, should

a a a a a

Qo = 4B ee Fr emer OF uh

1914 THOMAS MOTT OSBORNE—A
be read by every one interested in the proper
study of mankind. It is one of the most
humanizing books ever written; and what is
essential to the progress of the new penology
is the humanization—not of the convict, but
of the man outside of the prison. The citi-
zen who has kept within the law must be
made to understand that conviction for crime
does not necessarily imply that the convicted
man is a different order of being. The cir-
cumstance that Mr. Osborne, as his book
shows us, spent a week with men who among
them had committed the blackest ‘crimes
written in the calendar, and whom we might
have been justified in believing to be totally
depraved, and found there kindness, sympa-
thy, helpfulness, unselfish friendship, and, in
one instance at least, nobility of soul, is calcu-
lated to set people to thinking.

Readers of The Outlook are already ac-
quainted with one outcome of Mr. Osborne’s
prison experience through the article by
Orlando F. Lewis, General Secretary of the
Prison Association of New York, entitled
“The New Freedom at Auburn Prison,”
which appeared in The Outlook of August
15, and first informed the outside world of
the working of the Mutual Welfare League
in that institution. Describing the entertain-

ment got up and carried out by the prisoners

themselves on the Fourth of July, Mr.
Lewis wrote: “I wish I had the power to
make the readers of The Outlook sense in
full the enormous significance for both pres-
ent and future of this recent Fourth of July
in Auburn Prison.”

Of equal significance was the scene in
Sing Sing on the first Sunday of the present
month, when, for the first time in the history
of the prison, Warden Osborne assembled all
the prisoners in the chapel and ordered the
guards from the room. (The men came in
two divisions of about seven hundred each,
the chapel not being large enough to seat
them all at once.) Those most familiar with
the State prisons had felt that the experiment
of self-government as applied in Auburn
might be dangerous in Sing Sing, which has
always been the most turbulent of these insti-
tutions, partly because physical conditions
make it impossible to keep the inmates
decently comfortable a large part of the time,
thus generating bad humor among them, and
partly because it is the prison for first offend-
ers, who are always more unruly and more
easily incited to violence than men who have
become accustomed to obey their keepers.

PRACTICAL. PRISON IDEALIST 921
Nevertheless, as was the case (pointed out in
Mr. Lewis’s article) in Auburn, on the Fourth
of July there could not have been found a
more orderly group of men anywhere between
the Atlantic and Pacific than that gathered in
the chapel at Sing Sing on Sunday afternoon,
December 6.

And less than two years ago the warden
of Sing Sing felt it necessary to put a loaded
revolver in his pocket when he went into the
prison yard! It was only a year ago last
July that the prisoners in Sing Sing mutinied
and set fire to the shops! It may be remarked
incidentally that, again for the first time in
the history of Sing Sing, not one infraction
of the prison rules was reported for the
twenty-four hours ending on the Monday
morning following the assemblage of the
inmates in the chapel without their guards.

The reason given by Warden Osborne for
the dismissal of the guards from the chapel
on this Sunday afternoon was that he might
discuss alone with the Golden Rule Brother-
hood (the Sing Sing organization modeled on
the Mutual Welfare League of Auburn) fif-
teen almost revolutionary changes suggested
by the Brotherhood in the prison rules. The
most important of these changes was one
whereby the prisoners asked that they be per-
mitted to discipline themselves, without initial
intervention of warden or keepers. They
couched their request thus :

We ask that the system of discipline be mate-
rially altered, and that the Executive Committee
of the Brotherhood, sitting as a court, shall be
allowed to examine all minor cases of discipline
and determine, if practicable, the nature and
extent of the penalties to be inflicted for viola-
tion of the prisonrules or the rules of the Broth-
erhood. It is requested that court be held
between the hours of three and four in the after-
noon; that the sergeant-at-arms (an officer of
the Brotherhood) be authorized to procure the
attendance of the witnesses, and that a right of
appeal from this court to the Warden’s court
be given—such appeals to be made by either the
inmates whom it is proposed to discipline, or
by one of the prison officers appointed by the
warden to be present at the hearings. The
suggestion is also made that the court may warn
and caution the inmate or may suspend him
from any or all of the privileges of the Brother-
hood, and that while so suspended he shall cease
to enjoy his grade privileges, and shall wear on
his arm a “bull’s eye” the color of his grade disk.

To this Mr. Osborne replied that he was
fully in sympathy with the suggestion, and
that he would carry the idea further and allow

922

the Brotherhood to decide a// breaches of
discipline, with appeal, where the justice of a
decision was disputed, to the Warden’s court
—which is composed of the Warden himself,
the principal keeper, and the prison physician.
The roar of delighted applause that greeted
this announcement was an augury for the
successful operation of the new order. _Inci-
dentally I saw an old man in prison garb
standing in the rear of the chapel move
behind a pillar to hide his tears from his
cheering companions. ' Even so short a time
ago as a year the suggestion on the part of
the convicts of Sing Sing that they be allowed
to try one another for infraction of the prison
rules would have been regarded as an im-
pudent ebullition of humor.

One of the suggestions made by the
Brotherhood, entirely of its own initiative,
moved the new Warden considerably. It was
that the beds in the dormitory—the former
chapel, where the overflow from the cells is
accommodated, and the most comfortable
place in the prison to sleep—be assigned
first to those inmates who are suffering from
heart trouble or epilepsy, or who are crippled.
“T am greatly pleased,” Mr. Osborne told
the men, “to have this evidence of concern
for the general welfare. ‘The places in the
dormitory should, of course, be given to those
who suffer most from the bad conditions of
the cell block. I will have a list made of
those who should be changed at once.”’

Of the suggestions for changes in the
prison rules Mr. Osborne immediately ap-
proved all but two, and in these instances he
merely held matters in abeyance. One of
these was the removal of the screens in the
visitors’ room. At present a visitor to a
prisoner is compelled to sit some four feet
away from him, with two thicknesses of coarse
wire grating between them, so that there is
no possibility of their coming into personal
contact. This practice is said to have been
introduced after a convict had killed his wife,
who had come to pay him a visit in Sing
Sing. The new Warden told the men that
personally he did not consider the screen a
necessity, but that it was so old established
an institution that he did not feel like abolish-
ing it without further consideration. The other
request that he told the men he would think
over was with regard to their having the
Sunday newspapers in their cells. One rea-

son for not granting this request at once was
that to deliver the bulky New York Sunday
editions to fifteen hundred men would neces-

THE OUTLOOK

23 December

sitate a great deal of additional Sunday work
for the keepers.. The request that the pris-
oners be allowed to see visitors on Sundays
and holidays, which had not up to that time
been permitted because of the inconvenience
it worked to the keepers, was granted by Mr.
Osborne, however, with the comment that he
fully realized that many of the friends of the
inmates of Sing Sing were unable to leave their
work on week-days without suffering pecuniary
loss. Up to the first Sunday of the month
there were many restrictions upon the writ-
ing and receiving of letters, and upon the
receiving of the small amounts of money pris-
oners are allowed to expend for tobacco and
other such luxuries, which restrictions the
Brotherhood asked to have removed. The
Warden granted these requests, with the ob-
servation that most of the restrictions ought
never to have been made. Another rule
that Mr. Osborne declared should never have
been promulgated, and which he promptly
abolished at the request of the men, pre-
vented their receiving sweaters and shoes
from friends or relatives outside of the
prison. ‘As gray is the fashionable color
here,” he said, referring to the prison uni-
form, “‘ask your friends to send you gray
sweaters, however. As to shoes—the more
you get from outside, the less expense the
State will be under.”” The Warden also, at
the request of the men, allowed them to
change the time for the weekly moving-pic-
ture show and entertainment from Saturday
to Sunday afternoon, in order that they might
have an extra hour out of their cells on the
day of rest. He further promised them an
exhaust fan in the mattress shop, where they
complained that the floating lint and dust
produced bad sanitary conditions.

Thus in an hour on that Sunday afternoon
three weeks ago the new Warden made life
in Sing Sing immeasurably better worth living
for the hundreds of men within the walls and
for many hundreds more to come. The
heartiness of the applause of his audience as
one after another of their requests was
granted was sufficient evidence of unquali-
fied appreciation of his brotherly efforts on
their behalf. They even cheered enthusias-
tically when he gave his reasons for reserving
his decision with regard to the screen and the
Sunday newspapers. No speaker ever had an
audience under more complete control than
had Mr. Osborne this aggregation of crimi-
nals at Sing Sing. They responded to his
every mood, which was continually changing

THOMAS MOTT OSBORNE—A

1914

from seriousness to humor, from admonition
to appeal. If he began to speak before
laughter or applause he might previously have
evoked had subsided, a warning “ s-s-s-h!”’
rose at once from every part of the chapel, fol-
lowed byimmediate silence and eager attention.

There is one outcome of Mr. Osborne’s
self-inflicted term in Auburn Prison which he
did not anticipate when he began the ordeal ;
that is, he has won the respect as well as the
affection of his prison-going friends—as he
terms them in and out of their presence.
Through the interchange of prisoners be-
tween Auburn and Sing Sing all the inmates
of both institutions have come to know that
he never shirked his prison tasks ; that he did
not—as one of them expressed it—‘“ sneak
up ‘to the warden’s table ” for even one meal
during his week’s incarceration; and that
during that period he actually lived their life
with all its hardships and privations. The
fact that he did two weeks’ work with one of
the prison highway gangs last July, laboring
at road-making eight hours a day under the
blazing sun—also something of an ordeal for
a man of middle age unaccustomed to manual
labor—and sleeping and eating in the convict
camp, has not lost him anything in the esti-
mation of the men in the State prisons.
Further, these men have acquitted Mr.
Osborne on the charge they first brought
against him, that of being a reformer (in
which they in their blindness see the last
refuge of an unsuccessful politician), all
unaware that he has already brought about
greater reforms in our prison system than
any other one man.

Mr. Osborne’s intererest in the prison
problem did not begin with his determination
to find out by personal experience how pris-
oners live. As long ago as 1906 he sug-
gested this plank for the Democratic State
platform: “ A more enlightened system of
justice which shall include the administration
of both county jails and State prisons; a
system which shall aim at reform rather than
punishment; which shall encourage those
unfortunate fellow-men who have broken the
laws to learn to adapt themselves to the
proper conditions of organized society.”’ As
a director of the George Junior Republic,
which was successful in its training of wild
and mischievous boys, he had been first
brought into touch with the prison system,
and he afterward became interested in the
Elmira Reformatory and paid visits there
when Mr. Brockway was superintendent.

PRACTICAL PRISON IDEALIST 923

** Quite by chance,’’ Mr. Osborne says, “I
became acquainted with a certain prisoner in
Sing Sing, and, through him, became inter-
ested in other prisoners there and in Auburn.
In due time I began to appreciate the impor-
tance of the general prison problem and the
difficulties of its solution.”

The new Warden of Sing Sing finds fault
with the law in that it not only proceeds
upon the theory of revenge, but that it
attempts also to make a nicely graduated
system by which the exact amount of guilt
in the offender must be weighed and deter-
mined, and the exact and proper amount of
revenge administered—for so much crime,
so much punishment. “A very few mo-
ments of serious consideration,” he says,
‘will show us that in doing this the law under-
takes an impossibility, and an impossibility
which tends to bring the whole system into
disfavor if not contempt. It is absolutely im-
possible for any human being—for any number
of human beings—to weigh and determine the
guilt of each criminal by the mere facts of his -
crime. It is still more impossible to: gauge
the amount of criminality in this one as com-
pared with that one; these are things which
transcend the powers of humanity ; they rest
with God alone.”

** Who can determine the exact amount of
responsibility which each one of us carries ?”
asks Mr. Osborne. ‘ Who can estimate the
inheritance, the early training, the effect of
environment, the influence of others, the re-
sults of unforeseen circumstances, in order
to find the exact amount of real blame de-
served by the perpetrators of each and every
crime and the relative amount of punishment
it would be fair to give to each? So, as this
is manifestly impossible, the law practically
ignores the whole psychological problem, and
confines itself almost entirely to the crudest
possible set of facts in each case. But it so
happens that the crude facts are the least
important and the psychological facts are
the most important in determining the real
guilt of the criminal.”

To illustrate this point, Mr. Osborne cites
the cases of two noted criminals of fiction—
Bill Sikes and Don José. ‘The very souls
of these men, the brutal burglar in Dickens’s
‘Oliver Twist’ and the young soldier in
Mérimée’s ‘Carmen ’—best known through
Bizet’s wonderful music—have been laid bare
for us by the genius of these authors,” he says.
“The one, a hardened ruffian, the product
of the streets, brought up as a_ burglar,

924

has murdered his mistress in cold blood be-
cause he learns that she has revealed some
of the wickedness of him and his gang. The
other, a rather weak young fellow of good
impulses and good training, who has been
entrapped and his career ruined by a heart-
less woman, has killed her in a moment of
wild passion. What possible affinity is there
between these two cases? It is true that
they have both committed murder in the first
degree, but what then? If you should set
Bill Sikes free, he would return at once to
his old life of theft and murder; he would
continue a criminal, for he knows no better.
If you should liberate José, he would go back
to his mother’s cottage, his mad passion for
Carmen all burned out, and soon he would
be married to his old flame, the good girl
Machaela, and settled down to a useful, law-
abiding farmer’s life. To place two such
men in one and the same category, to deem
them guilty of the same crime, is to shut our
eyes to all the facts of human nature, while
to mete out to them the same punishment is
to be ridiculous as well as inhuman. Yet
under the present theory of the law such
things are inevitable. Nor are they the
worst. One man, a habitual criminal, pre-
pared to commit murder if need be, is caught
at burglary and, after a few years’ imprison-
ment, returns to prey again upon society,
while another, inflamed with unaccustomed
drink and passion, or overcome with the
effects of some baleful drug, fires a pistol
for the first and only time in his life, and is
sentenced to life imprisonment.”

Mr. Osborne will work for the abolishment
of Sing Sing and for the erection of a new
prison on a farm as near Ossining as possible,
so that the prisoners may be put to work on
the buildings. -He told the Golden Rule
Brotherhood during his first talk with its
members that he would take great pleasure
in lighting the fuse that would dynamite the
cell block at Sing Sing. ‘The new Warden
believes that convicts should receive sufficient
pay for their work in prison to support their
families outside, instead of the pitiful one and
a half cents per day that is now their wage.
“‘ Every man in prison feels that the balance
is on the wrong side,” he says; “and it is.
Let us admit that the State has a right to
exile him ; but has it a right to deprive him of
his earning power or of his right of speech,
or to lock him in a stone cell seven feet long,
six and one-half feet high, and three feet
and four inches wide, where dampness reeks

THE OUTLOOK

from the walls, and where he is almost certain
to suffer disease? My cell at Auburn was
palatial compared with the cells at Sing Sing,
for it was six inches longer and six inches
higher. The cells at Sing Sing are not fit to
keep pigs in. There are twelve hundred
cells and fifteen hundred prisoners. The
place is so damp that it sends a chill to your
bones, the food has been execrable, and the
labor—well, what is to be expected? Slave
labor is always inefficient. Any one who
thinks that slavery is abolished need only look
at Sing Sing. What is slavery but being
forced to work under inhuman conditions
and without pay?

‘“‘ Discard the old idea that there is a crimi-
nal type,” says Mr. Osborne. “ The old
theory of Lombroso that certain character-
istics and traits denoted the criminal has
been exploded by actual tests in England.
Convicts do not differ physically from their
fellow-men, and from my personal experience
they do not differ in other respects either.
There are no mental or moral criminals. I
find the same characteristics inside and out-
side a prison.”

The foundation of our prison system, Mr.
Osborne believes, should rest on these three
principles: First, the law must decree, not
punishment, but temporary exile from so-
ciety until the offender has proved by his
conduct that he is fit to return; second, so-
ciety must brand no man as a criminal, but
aim solely to reform the mental conditions
under which a criminal act has been com-
mitted; third, the prison must be an in-
stitution in which every inmate shall have
the largest practicable amount of individual
freedom, because “it is liberty alone that
fits men for liberty.”

While the new Warden of Sing Sing is a
sympathetic man, he is not a sentimentalist.
He uses the “ big, big D ”’ on occasions where
unusual emphasis may be necessary. He is
a fine type of physical manhood; and, while
his countenance is of an ascetic cast, the
mouth is humorous. He smiles frequently
during his conversations with his wards, but
when the smile freezes on his face he does
not need to frown to let the other man know
that he has made a mistake. Mr. Osborne is
fortunate in having as his deputy and col-
league Charles H. Johnson, one of the lead-
ing social workers of the State, who has for
over a decade been superintendent of orphan
asylums, and is thoroughly trained in the de
tails of institutional management.

Current Events Pictorially Treated

ERICH KORNGOLD
A NEW AUSTRIAN COMPOSER

Korngold’s “ Sinfonietta,” which is his fifth numbered work, was performed on December 10 and 11 in New York—
a beautiful and very significant orchestral composition. The photograph reproduced above (and lent to
The Outlook by the courtesy of Mr. Cesar Saerchinger, of New Y ork) was taken a few years ago

when his earliest compositions first aroused wonder and admiration and some criticism
in the city where he lives, Vienna. He is now only seventeen years old

COPYRIGHT BY AMERICAN PRESS ASSOCIATION

THE SCHARNHORST

BY AMERICAN PRESS ASSOCIATION...
COPYRIGHT BY THE GNEISENAU

COPYRIGHT BY AMERICAN PRESS ASSOCIATION

THE LEIPZIG

GERMAN SHIPS THAT WERE SUNK IN THE SOUTH ATLANTIC A
The German vessels that went down in the greatest naval engagement of the war, so far, were unequally matched against the
ago, when they combined and defeated in battle the British vessels Good Hope, Monmouth, and Glasgow off the Chilean a
then combined and drove the German vessels through the Magellan Straits into the Atlantic, where they were met by ae
vessels of the Allies participated, or their names, but taking into consideration the high speed and light armament of the Ger- on

Falkland Islands. Silhouettes at the right of each picture show by their length approximately, not relative size or appearance,
11,690 tons each ; the Leipzig, 3,250 tons ; the Invincible, 18,750 tons; the Indefatigable, 18,750 tons; the Lion (one of the finest

bu
shi

Mi ‘a
PHOTOGRAPH BY PAUL THOMPSON THE LION

PHOTOGRAPH BY PAUL THOMPSON

THE INDEFATIGABLE
AND SOME OF THE SHIPS OF THE VICTORIOUS BRITISH FLEET

the enemy. These German vessels roamed as free lances in the Pacific along South American shores until about a month
coast. This battle gave the Japanese, Australian, Canadian, and English vessels a clue as to their whereabouts. The Allies
another allied force which gave battle, in which the Germans were finally crushed. At present we do not know how many
man vessels it is evident that swift-going British vessels such as those shown above took a leading part in the sea fight off the
but the relative tonnage of the ships, which in figures is as follows: The Scharnhorst and the Gneisenau (sister ships),
ships in the British navy), 27,000 tons. The armaments of the British ships, likewise, entirely outclassed those of the Germans

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** THE CATHEDRAL IS A STUPENDOUS MASS OF BRICK '’

A FORTRESS-CATHEDRAL OF SOUTHERN
FRANCE

BY HENRY HOYT MOORE

WITH PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE AUTHOR

STERN, military-looking man seemed
A out of place at the table-d’héte, amid
wine-sellers, drummers for Bordeaux
jobbers, and other commercial men. We
agreed that, if not an anachronism in this age,
he was certainly without reason-for-being in
this peaceful little town in southern France.
For this. was two months before the war, and
Albi looked as if it had never had even a
nightmare about marching armies and the
noise of guns. Little did we imagine that a
few weeks after our visit the commercial men
would be transformed into soldiers and would
be marching away to the front, perhaps under
the lead of the very man who seemed so
superfluous when we sat opposite him at
dinner at the Grand H6tel de la Poste.

But Albi, sleepy little town that it was last
May, is not without its history of war and
rumors of war. For did not the fact that it
contained a fortress-cathedral first interest
us in this peaceful village on the river Tarn ?
* One of the few fortress-churches of France,”’
we read, “‘ and one of the finest examples of

,

Southern Gothic.”’ So we said that we would
run over on the afternoon -train from Tou-
louse, see the Cathedral, come back the same
evening, and take the late train for Carcas-
sonne—which is another and quite different
tale.

Albi, be it observed, is not on the main-
traveled road. One must study the time-table
carefully to find one’s way there, or, better,
counsel with the hotel porter as to trains.
For must not one change at Tessoniéres, and
are not the trains from that quiet little ham-
let somewhat infrequent? ‘Then, too, the
branch road from Tessoniéres is old-fashioned
as to its cars, and one gets into one of them
to find a representative of the French com-
mercial class engaged in eating a late lunch
with the perfect sang-froi/ and indifference
to surroundings that characterize the native
traveler in the independent land of France.
He is ready, however. to answer the ques-
tions which after ‘a suitable interval are put
to him, and shows himself familiar with the
neighborhood, and, what is more, proud of

933

ON THE BANKS OF THE TARN
Ladders enable the householders to reach the boats below

The houses rise on terraces high above the river.

ST. CECILIA’S TOWER SEEN FROM ONE OF ALBI’S WINDING STREETS

The Albigensians love flowers, and window-boxes and roof gardens may be seen in many parts of the old town

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A FORTRESS-CATHEDRAL

Albi and its cathedral. What New York
commercial traveler, we asked ourselves,
would answer questions about, say, the Ca-
thedral of St. John the Divine with as much
intelligence or enthusiasm as did this French-
man about scenes familiar to him?

When, after an hour’s journey, we came
in sight of Albi, our friend motioned to us to
look across the river. ‘‘ Za Cathédral!’’ he
exclaimed with pride. We gazed on a huge
mass of brick, topped with a single, some-
what austere tower, and reserved our de-
cision as to the position of Albi’s Cathedral
on our list of fine churches.

We did not, however, make any reserva-
tions as to the picturesqueness of the town’s
situation. High above the river, with numer-
ous remains of defensive works and with sev-
eral fine old bridges, the town immediately
impresses one as an age-old, worth-while
place. The prevailing tone of color is a dull
red, for Cathedral, forts, bridges, and houses
are of brick. Dull skies this afternoon tone
the color into a softness of hue that is most
pleasing.

After reaching the little station and bid-
ding our commercial friend adiéu, we go at
once tothe Cathedral, for have we not planned
to leave on the only returning train that after-
noon? But the way to the big church
proves altogether alluring, with quaint, twist-
ing streets, timbered houses, and interesting
doorways: Before we arrive at the Cathe-
dral we succumb to Albi’s charm and forget
our afternoon train back to Toulouse.

We approach the great church from its
rear, and a stupendous mass of brick it
seems, with walls running up a hundred and
thirty féet, surmounted by small turrets.
Narrow windows pierce the lower part, with
loopholes here and there. The massive,
bastion-like buttressed walls indicate the pur-
pose of the Cathedral to serve as a place of
defense if necessity arose. ‘ The religious
wars in which the Albigenses, or natives of
Albi, were engaged in the Middle Ages,
though they were mostly over by the time
this Cathedral of Saint Cecilia was built,
naturally suggested the idea of a church
stronghold, and on several occasions the
Cathedral has heard the tramp of armed men
within its massive walls. It could, of course,
no more than the Cathedral of Rheims with-
stand the assault of modern artillery, but in
the time when it was built it was indeed, in
Luther’s phrase, a ‘castle strong of our
God.”

OF SOUTHERN FRANCE 939

Now it was the abode of perfect peace.
An itinerant shoemaker had set up his shop
in a wagon at the rear of the building, and a
merry song came from his partly open door.
At the side of the church a splendid stone
porch, elaborately sculptured, constituted the
main entrance. Within, the vast proportions
of the edifice, built without nave or aisles,
were modified by a magnificent rood screen
which separated the church into two parts,
one for the people, the other reserved for the
use of the clergy.

After inspecting the wonderful carving ot
this screen, seeing some of the many fine
statues of saints and apostles, and marveling
at the semi-Byzantine effect of the decora-
tion, we descended ‘apidly from the sublime
and began a search for the inevitable post-
cards which were to tell our friends of our
“find.” The search was rewarded with un-
expected diversion. The custodian of the
cards, a capable woman of the type that is
usually selected for such a job by the wise
fathers, was surprised to find that her visitors
were from the far-off land of America. Her
surprise was outdone by that of some of the
town’s idlers, who gathered near and gazed
open-mouthed at the visitors from the New
World. ‘To one who is accustomed to the
sophisticated natives of many foreign cities,
this attitude of the Albigenses was most
gratifying. ‘It was evident, too, in the aspect
of the children whom one met. Their atti-
tude toward the visitors was that of respect-
ful wonderment. One of the tourists dropped
a glove while standing in the street. A little
Albigensian picked it up and. stood gravely
holding it, like a precious, memento, till the
loser turned and saw the small boy waiting
for attention. The glove was restored with-
out the slightest appeal for a reward, but
simply as an act of courtesy from one gentle-
man to another. So, also, when the tourists
inquired for a certain street of a group of
school-boys who passed. One of these boys
was instantly deputed to go with the strangers
and show them the way. Does the reader
wonder that after this Albi was immediately
double-starred in the visitors’ note- book ?

After a long stay in and about the Cathe-
dral came the search for a stopping-place for
the night, with some incidental shopping—for
the tourists had come empty-handed. Was
it not a pleasure to be waited upon by the
proprietress of the little dry-goods store, with
every sign of interest in the unexpected cus-
tomers! How different, we thought, her

« NI AWOD OL SA
GALIANI AVMUOOd UAH NI

ONIMAS SVM OHM NYWOM
ddI VA-LNVSVATd V,,

A FORTRESS-CATHEDRAL

attitude was from that of some attendants ia
some stores not far from Broadway. And
then the hotel !
greatly interested in -her guests, and mani-
festly pleased that Albi’s, attractions had
brought the tourists to her house to stay
overnight. And the rooms! Large red
tiles, instead of rugs or carpets, decorated
the floors, and the quaint old furniture waits
for some covetous connoisseur—and long
may it wait.

‘The next morning a visit to the great Arche-
véché, or archbishop’s house, adjoining the
cathedral, was inorder. ‘Through vast rooms
and halls in this great ecclesiastical fortress of
the thirteenth century we went, through gloomy
dungeons that had held unhappy prisoners
during the Revolution, through wine cellars
that testified to the good taste in such matters
of the early occupants of the place—and then
to the quiet, tree-shaded cloisters that over-
looked the river and furnished an ideal place
for meditative exercise. Here indeed was a
retreat for souls that wished to renounce the
world.

But we didnot wish to renounce it, and
so we drifted back to the world as it was
represented in Albi’s delightful market.. On
the way a curious thatch-like sign over an old
house was noted, and a passer-by was asked
as to its significance. There, he said, dwelt
a dealer in wine, and that was his trade
symbol. It was, of course, as we might have
known, the traditional “‘ bush ” of the wine
merchant ; and its presence proved that the
proverb, ‘“‘ Good wine needs no bush,” was
not accepted in this land of good wine and
buyers and sellers thereof.

Why is it that the food in French markets
looks so much more attractive than that in
our own? Perhaps it is because the French
are fastidious in matters of cookery, and will
not accept the things that our housewives are
willing to pay for. At any rate, the straw-
berries and cherries of Albi were altogether
too tempting for the visitors to resist, and the
generous measures of each which were handed
over for a few sous were disposed of then

Madame, our landlady, was:

OF SOUTHERN FRANCE 941
and there, ainid the sellers of fruit, cheese,
vegetables, and notions of a decidedly French
flavor, and all seemingly delectable. And
the polite venders of these good things did
not even smile at the eagerness of the appre-
ciative tourists.

Are the French people naturally kindly
and courteous to all, or have they an espe-
cially warm corner in their hearts for Ameri-
cans? We had gone down to the river to
see the women washing clothes on its banks,
after the old fashion, and when we were re-
turning to the heights a sudden shower over-
took us. While we were standing undecided
whether to seek shelter or to brave the. down-
pour, a pleasant-faced little woman who was
sewing in her doorway invited us to come in
out of the unpleasantness. - We gladiy com-
plied, and soon she was telling us her little
history. She had been a Swiss:girl, and still
longed for her native mountains ;» but she had
married an Albigensian, a good man, and
here for many years her home had been on
the heights above the river. Was there much
rain here? was a natural question. Oh; yes,
was the answer, and in the winter there was
snow. Last winter, especially, the snow was
piled high on the streets of Albi, and the Tarn
was frozen. Would we like to see her little
house? Of course. we should! The fine
old hall clock was a wedding. present ;. so
was that curious chest of drawers ; but the big
stove came to her only last year, and it was
a treasure, for it had kept them warm through
the bitter winter. : Everything..in the dear
little house was_ spotlessly neat and clean,
and the visit offered a charming glimpse into
the home iife that- makes the French the
least given to emigration of any modern
race. And why should any one ever want to
leave the delightful town of Albi for a neces-
sarily less delightful abode? At least~ one
person, who visited the old home of the
Albigenses by chance, remarked to another,
‘Don’t you think you could persuade your
company to transfer their’ business from
New York to Albi—for I want to stay there
the rest of my life!”

AN ALB! ANGLER

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FEEDING WILD BIRDS BY SIMPLE METHODS’

BY ERNEST HAROLD BAYNES

ILLUSTRATIONS FROM PHOTOGRAPHS BY .THE AUTHOR

LSEWHERE I have shown how
BK. to feed the winter birds by means
of food-houses, window-boxes, food
trolleys, food trees, and other devices. Each
of these is attractive and has its own peculiar
advantages ; but if for any reason we cannot
have any of these things, we can get along
very well without them. And, though it may
mean a little harder work on our part, the
birds will probably be just as well satisfied.
We may begin by putting out some suet
for the insectivorous birds. I believe in
having rather large pieces, weighing, say,
about a pound apiece, at a few principal
points, and a number of smaller pieces scat-
tered more widely, in order to attract the
attention of as many birds as possible and
guide them to the larger lumps. If our final
object is to attract the birds to the house, or
to some point near it, let us first select the
side of the house to which we wish to bring
them. If we try to attract them to all sides,
we can probably do it, but shall not have as
many in any one place. Usually people like
to have them come to points where they can
be seen from the principal living-rooms.
Suppose, then, that we decide on this plan.
Let us look out of the window and see if we
can find a tree, say, seventy-five or a hundred
feet away to which we can tie one of our large
lumps of suet. Let us suppose that we see
such a tree, and that there is a well-exposed
branch from eight to twelve feet from the
ground. We fix that branch in our minds,
and, suet in hand, we go out to the tree. Per-
haps we can easily climb to the branch ; but,
if not, we can get a ladder. We should have
three or four pieces of soft string of conve-
nient length, and with one of these tie the
suet at just the place and in just the position
we want it. It is well to have it either on top
of the branch or on the side of it; if it is
fastened underneath, certain birds which like
suet would find it hard to get. If it is fas-
tened on the side of the branch, of course it
should be on the side nearer the house where
it can be seen. The other pieces of string

! This article will be included in “ Bird Guests and How
to Entertain Them,” by Ernest Harold Baynes, to be
published shortly by E. P. Dutton & Co.

should now be crisscrossed back and forth,
and should bite into the suet a little at each
turn, so that it may be left snug and tight.
The object of having several strings is to pre-
vent a squirrel from detaching the suet by
simply cutting one string with his teeth. The
loose ends of the string may now be cut off
and the feeding station is complete.

Next let us go to a tree, say, from ten to
twenty feet from the window, and there we
will tie a second piece of suet at a point a
little higher than the window itself. A third
piece we will tie either to the window-sill or to
a stick or a board which may be fastened to
the window-sill. Those three we will call our
main suet stations. Smaller pieces of suet
we will tie in trees and shrubs out in all direc-
tions from the house and farther away from
it. These distant ones will probably be vis-
ited first, and as the birds gain confidence
they should approach nearer and nearer until
they come to the window itself.

To encourage those who may think it a
difficult matter to gain the confidence of our
feathered neighbors, I give the following list
of twenty-one kinds of birds which have come
to feed at windows in the village of Meriden,
New Hampshire, where we have been feed-
ing for the past three years. ‘Those marked
with a star have visited our own window:

*Hairy woodpecker, *downy woodpecker,
*ruby-throated humming-bird, *blue jay,
*pine grosbeak, *purple finch, *white-winged
crossbill, *redpoll, *pine siskin, vesper spar-
row, white-crowned sparrow, white-throated
Sparrow, tree sparrow, chipping sparrow,
junco, song sparrow, *myrtle warbler, *winter
wren, *white-breasted nuthatch, red-breasted
nuthatch, *chickadee, * Hudsonian chickadee.
This is probably the largest list for any one
town or village.

The red-bellied woodpecker, snow bunting,
fox sparrow, brown creeper, and _ hermit
thrush have also been known to feed at the
windows of houses, but they have never
done+so in Meriden, though we have them
all here with the exception of the woodpecker.

If it becomes necessary to put out more
suet during the intensely cold weather, we
shall find it a good plan to bring some short
943

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(4UIHSdWVH MAN ‘NaGTuaNn) daLNIM NI AVMUOOTd V

PINE GROSBEAKS IN A MERIDEN GARDEN

946

branches into the house, and tie on the suet
there in comfort. Then, if we drive a couple
of wire nails part way through each branch,
we can carry it out and quickly nail to any
tree we like.

If we wish to go to just a little more
expense, we can make suet-pockets of half-
inch wire netting and staple them to the
trunks of trees instead of tying the suet itself
to the branches.

The simplest way to feed the seed-eating
birds is to scatter the food on the ground.
If there is soft, deep snow, the food should
not be thrown upon it. Seed and most other
foods quickly sink into soft snow, and, be-
sides, most birds do not like to flounder
about in the snow-drifts in. order to get a bite
to eat. The snow may be swept or shoveled

THE OUTLOOK

on the ground. If there is danger from cats,
we should select for our feeding station a
space well out in the open; for if there are
shrubs or other tall plants about, the cats
will be able to creep up within leaping
distance before the birds are aware of their
presence.

This much we can do without any appli-
ances, and at no expense beyond the cost of
the food.

The following are some of the best foods
and the birds which have been known to eat
them :

Suet. Screech owl, hairy woodpecker, downy
woodpecker, red-bellied woodpecker, flicker,
blue jay, crow, Clark’s nutcracker, starling, tree
sparrow, junco, rose breasted grosbeak, myrtle
warbler, brown creeper, white-breasted nut-

BLUE JAYS TAKING THEIR FOOD FROM THE WELL-TRAMPLED SNOW
IN THE AUTHOR’S GARDEN

away, but personally I much prefer to trample

it down. It is not easy, even with a snow-
shovel, to clear thoroughly a generous space
where there is long grass or weeds; besides,
cleared spaces are apt to become wet or
muddy and are usually unsightly. The
trampling process is quicker, much quicker,
if we have snow-shoes ; it makes no unsightly
patches, and, moreover, the _ well-trodden
snow forms the most pleasing background
against which to see our feathered guests.

It is best to put out a day’s supply of
fresh food each morning ; the birds learn to
connect our appearance with the coming of
good things for them, and gradually lose
their fear of us. Moreover, by putting out
comparatively small quantities of food we
avoid the danger of unnecessary waste when
snow-storms come and cover up whatever is

hatch, red-breasted nuthatch, chickadee, Hud-
sonian chickadee, hermit thrush.

Fat pork. Hairy woodpecker, downy wood-
pecker, blue jay, crow, white-breasted nuthatch,
tufted titmouse, chickadee.

Raw meat. Screech owl, hairy woodpecker,
downy woodpecker, blue jay, white-breasted
nuthatch, chickadee.

Hemp seed. Pine grosbeak, purple finch,
redpoll, goldfinch, pine siskin, vesper sparrow,
white-crowned sparrow, white-throated sparrow,
junco, song sparrow, white-breasted nuthatch,
chickadee.

Millet seed. Purple finch, redpoll, goldfinch,
pine siskin, vesper sparrow, white-throated
sparrow, tree sparrow, chipping sparrow, junco,
song sparrow, fox sparrow.

Cracked corn. Shore lark, blue jay,crow, snow
bunting, lapland longspur, tree sparrow, junco,
cardinal grosbeak, white-breasted nuthatch.

Bread crumés. Blue jay, crow, tree sparrow,

A BLUE JAY EATING SUET AT THE THE AUTHOR WITH A CHICKADEE
AUTHOR’S HOME FRIEND

WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILLS FEEDING IN THE AUTHOR’S GARDEN

948

white-crowned sparrow, 'junco, cardinal .gros-
beak, mocking-bird, brown creeper, chickadee.

Broken nuts. Blue jay, white-crowned spar-
row, junco, cardinal grosbeak, white-breasted
nuthatch, red-breasted nuthatch, tufted titmouse,
chickadee.

Dog biscuit crumbs. Blue jay,.snow bunting,
tree sparrow, junco, white-breasted-~ nuthatch,
chickadee. ;

Sunflower seeds. Blue jay, purple finch, gold-
finch, white-breasted nithatch, chickadee.

Chaff. Quail; shore lark, Lapland longspur,
snow bunting, tree sparrow.

Oats.
blackbird, snow binfing, chickadee.

Whole corn. . Blue jay, crow, white-breasted
nuthatch, chickadee.

Canary ‘sééd.= Goldfinch, vesper sparrow,

junco, song sparrow. .
Doughnut crumbs.

breasted nuthatch, chickadee.
Wheat. Quail, ruffed grouse.
Broken squash seed.
hatch, chickadée.
Salt, salt water,and mud impregnated with
salt, White-winged crossbill, American crossbill.

White-breasted nut-

The author is very well aware that the
above lists are not complete, either with
regard to the kinds of food which the winter
birds will eat or with regard to the kinds of
birds which will eat the foods which are men-
tioned. These lists can be made complete
only as a result of the careful experiments of
many observers working for a considerable
period over a wide territory. At present
they are as complete as can be made from
records compiled by Gilbert H. Trafton, by
the author himself, and by other members of
the Meriden Bird Club. ‘They will enable
the reader to make a fair start, and he can
then experiment for himself as much as time
and inclination will permit.

To those who will have a little patience
some of the most delightful experiences will
come from having birds so fearless that they
will alight on the hand or shoulder or permit
one to pick them up. ‘To those who have
had no experience in feeding wild birds, and
who are inclined to doubt that such experi-
ences will ever come to them, I will say that
it is simply a matter of being very quiet and
gentle with your feathered guests, of being
patient with them, and of using a little thought
and ingenuity. At least eleven species of our
winter birds have been known to feed from
the hand. They are: Canada jay, Oregon
jay, evening grosbeak, pine grosbeak,
white-winged crossbill, redpoll, pine siskin,
white-breasted nuthatch, red-breasted nut-

Quail,, ruffed’ grouse,, yellow-headed '

Blue «jay, crow, white-:

THE OUTLOOK

hatch, tufted titmouse, chickadee. Of these
the writer has had five come to him for
food. One severe winter when the pine
grosbeaks came down from the north in
great numbers, we fed hundreds of them in
the gardens of Meriden, and not only the
writer and Mrs. Baynes, but several other
bird lovers, fed them as they sat on hand or
shoulder. They were so tame that one could
sit down in the middle of a flock and they
would come into one’s lap to feed. They
would alight upon the heads of children
watching them, and sometimes they allowed
Mrs. Baynes to pick them up one in each
hand. They seemed to prefer hemp seed to
any other food we offered.

I have already spoken of the crossbills
which one winter came to us in Meriden.
A few—six or eight—had been coming most
of the summer to the garden path. Two
or three were American and the rest white-
winged crossbills. They crept about, quiet
as mice, eating something, but just what it
was I could not tell until they had been heré
for some time. ‘Then one day, after watch-
ing them at work for several minutes, I took
a magnifying-glass and went down on my
knees to see what there might be there to
attract them.. I found that they had been
working on a patch of clay, the surface of
which had been carved in every direction
with their sharp bills. As there were no
“chips,” I knew that these must have been
eaten, so I tasted the clay to see why they
had eaten it. It was very salty, the result
of scattering salt on the path to kill the
weeds. <A few days later my friend Fred-
eric H{1. Kennard came to see me, and, ob-
serving the crossbills, ran into the house for
some salt, of which he had often observed
their fondness. The flock continued to grow
until midwinter, when it numbered about a
hundred and twenty-five. We went out to
play with them for a while almost every day,
and by and by they seemed to look for our
coming. We would sit on the well-trampled
snow we had prepared for their feeding-
ground, and from the trees about us they
would come down in a musical shower to
alight upon our heads and shoulders and to
feed from our hands. It was such fun that
sometimes, even when the thermometer regis-
tered from ten to fifteen degrees below zero,
we would sit there banding them, photo-
graphing them, or often simply watching
them until we were almost too numb to
get up.

BY -E. F.

N one district in New York City a Negro
I population equal in numbers to the
inhabitants of Dallas, Texas, or Spring-
field, Massachusetts, lives, works, and pur-
sues its ideals almost as a separate entity
from the great surrounding metropolis. Here
Negro merchants ply their trade ; Negro pro-
fessional men follow their various vocations;
their children are educated; the poor, sick,
and orphan of the race are cared for;
churches, newspapers, and banks flourish
heedless of those, outside this Negro commu-
nity, who resent its presence in a white city.
The progress which the Negroes have made
in their own district is indeed little understood
by those who, fearing the encroachment of a
Negro slum, have done their best to thwart
the growth and the progress of New York
Negroes in obtaining better housing and liv-
ing conditions and opportunities for racial
advancement for the responsible colored peo-
ple of New York City. That this prejudice
manifested by their white neighbors is largely
unwarranted both on moral and economic
grounds may be seen from a rehearsal of the
facts.

If one stands at the corner of One Hundred
and Thirty-fifth Street and Fifth Avenue, in
four directions can be seen rows of apart-
ments or flat houses all inhabited by Negroes.
This is virtually the center of the community.
The houses are in good repair ; windows,
entrances, halls, sidewalks, and streets are
clean, and the houses comfortable and
respectable inside to a degree not often
found in a workingman’s locality. The
ground floor of the buildings in every case is
occupied by a store or business office. Here
and there one sees the name of some Nation-
ally known firm whose agent, always a Negro,
has opened a branch business among the
people of his own race. From the juncture
of One Hundred and Thirty-fifth Street and
Fifth Avenue can be seen the business signs
of Negroes and Negro firms whose holdings
and interests reach an aggregate of four mill-
ion dollars.

Philip A. Payton,a Negro and a wealthy
real estate operator, may be rightly termed
the father of this Negro community, since it
was he who, despite violent opposition, first
installed his people in tenement property in

A NEGRO CITY IN NEW YORK
DYCKOFF

this section ten or twelve years ago. It was
Payton’s theory that living conditions equal
to those available for the white man were
what the Negro needed to give him the
realization of white progress and white stand-
ards.

Payton first bought three tenements. At
that time a wealthy syndicate of whites
owned a near-by tract, known as Olympic
Field, where athletic meets had been held
for several years. The syndicate intended
cutting the tract into building lots, and, think-
ing to improve their selling chances, bought
the tenements controlled by Payton and
evicted the Negroes. But Payton and an-
other Negro, J. C. Thomas, thereupon bought
three other tenements on the same block and
evicted the whites. The result of this skirmish
was merely an exchange of tenants. After
a series of shrewd business dealings in which
the syndicate was worsted, the Negroes were
left in possession of the nucleus of their
future community, and Payton’s dream of
progress among his people had begun to be
realized. The Negro section proper now
extends for ten blocks between Seventh and
Park Avenues, with a generous fringe of
colored tenants reaching out in all directions
from the community center—evidence of
quiet growth and expansion. In this com-
munity of tenements and apartments are
about fifteen hundred private houses of very
good grade. One prominent member of the
settlement recently paid fifty thousand dollars
for one of these. The most prosperous of
the Negroes, however, do not all live in
private houses, by any means, since the
apartment-houses, as in similar white districts
in New York City, offer equal advantages
for good living.

Examples of Negroes who have attained
success in this community may be found
in Mr. George W. Harris, a Negro who
worked his way through Harvard Uni-
versity and two years in the Harvard Law
School. Mr. Harris is editor of ‘ The
News,” a paper whose entire staff of twelve
men are all colored. Among these twelve
men are Fenton Johnson, a writer of verse
and a recent graduate of the University of
Chicago ; the sporting editor, Leslie Pollard,
who as a Dartmouth student was rated as a
949

member of that somewhat nebulous organiza-
tion the All-American Football Team; a clever
cartoonist, E. C. Shefton; and a Washington
correspondent in the person of Ralph W.
Taylor, an auditor in the navy under both
President Roosevelt and President Taft.
The clerks, stenographers, and advertising
solicitors of “‘ The News” are also all Negroes.

in the professions this Negro community
has some twenty physicians who received
their medical training at various universities
and colleges. Harvard, the University of
Pennsylvania, Dartmouth, Howard, the Col-

950 THE OUTLOOK

pharmacists from Columbia and the New York
Collegé of Pharmacy who conduct large drug
stores in the districts, and twenty-five regis-
tered trained nurses.

In the business world the community pos-
sesses Negro real estate firms which enjoy
the confidence of some of the largest and
most conservative financial institutions in the
city. One of these, Nail & Parker, may be
taken as an interesting example. This firm
has full charge of the property holding of
St. Philip’s Church, which is valued at well
over a million dollars. In addition to this

J. ROSAMOND JOHNSON, DIRECTOR OF THE MUSIC SCHOOL SETTLEMENT
Mr. Johnson is a member of the New England Consérvatory

lege of Physicians and Surgeons, Long Island
Medical College, and the Flower Hospital
School are all represented. One West Indian
who is resident in the community was a
student at Oxford.

In the legal fraternity there are fifteen
lawyers from Harvard, Yale, Syracuse, Colum-
bia, the New York Law School, and North-
western University. One of these men is a
deputy Assistant District Attorney for New
York County, and one is Assistant Corpora-
tion Counsel for the city of New York.

There are eight dentists from Howard and
New York Dental Colleges, two architects
from Cornell University, four registered

they .manage for individual owners some
seventy-five to eighty separate parcels of real
estate, and collect over thirty-five ‘thousand
dollars a month in rent.. St. Philip’s Church,
built, by the way, from the plans of a Negro
architect, was erected a few years ago ata
cost in land and building of $255,000. It
carries a mortgage now of only twenty-nine
thousand dollars. In addition. to this the
church owns a block of ten apartment-houses
valued at $620,000. These’carried a mort-
gage of $393,000 in April, 1911, when they
were acquired by the church; this has since
been reduced to $311,000. From this and
other property owned by the church is derived

JOHN E. NAIL THE REV. HUTCHENS C. BISHOP

Ot the firm of Nail & Parker, which has charge of a Pastor of St. Philip’s Crarch (see picture
property-holding valued at over a million dollars on page 953

PHILIP A. PAYTON JAMES RIESE EUROPE
* The father of this Negro community. ... It Composer of modern dance music and leader of a
was Payton’s theory that living conditions very successful Negro band; President of
equal to those available for the white the Tempo Club, a musical society that
man were what the Negro needed” occupies a handsome club house

LEADING CITI S OF “THE NEGRO CITY’

Se ee os

ae

- Xn

THE OUTLOOK

a yearly income of over -$25,000. A-study
of the history of St. Philip’s from its found-
ing and establishment in Sullivan Street one
hundred years ago, and its steady growth,
reveals a system of business management of
which any religious community might well be
proud. In this Negro district there are eight
other churches, some wealthy, all in good cir-
cumstances, and all with interesting histories
of growth and administration.

Such success is not obtained without econ-
omy and well-directed saving. Indeed, as
may be supposed from such a record as is
shown by this brief account of St. Philip’s

moderate spending money draws on the
treasurer, who issues the money and keeps
strict account of all expenditures. This fam-
ily has accumulated a savings account of over
$46,000 and is buying property on Long
Island.

The throughgoing business attitude of a
majority of the community is witnessed in
the small percentage of saloons. The city of
New York numbers its saloons at the ratio of
one to every thousand of population, and in
poorer class neighborhoods a much higher
average obtains. The Negro community has

less than one to every two thousand of popu-

A CLASS IN THE MUSIC SCHOOL SETTLEMENT

Church, thrift is encouraged and practiced by
the more substantial element of the com-
munity to a very great degree. In many in-
stances all members of a family are engaged
in some definite form of work. One family
representative of this class may be instanced.
The father is a chef in the Pullman service.
a son is a “red cap” in the Grand Central
terminal, a daughter has charge of a theatri-
cal dressing-room, the mother makes appoint-
ments for hair-dressing among well-to-do
people in white localities and acts as treasurer
for the family. A younger daughter looks
after the home. Each member of the family
deposits his or her entire earnings with the
treasurer, and when in need of clothing or

lation, and only five of these are owned or
conducted by Negroes.

There are no very definite data on which to
base the per capita wealth of the community.
Some statistics published three or four years
ago gave as the savings bank deposit of all
Negroes in New York City the sum of fif-
teen millions. Since three-fourths of the
Negro population of New York City and
practically all of their prominent men now
live in this uptown community, it would seem
reasonable to estimate their savings deposits
at least as high as ten million. Business men
of the section, however, insist that this is too
low by at least fifty per cent, and point out
that the Union Dime Savings Bank carries

000‘0z9¢ YOM sasnoy-juauj1Ede jO 990/q & SUMO YOINYD quapuodse1i09 uOZUIYsE A, & pur
PLL “000's@z$ 1809 Surpjing pure pury ay 7, "aye OABIN © Jo Sued ayy Woy YING STMOOLLI B oie Way} SuoMW “UsUl pI10[09 Jo Paesodwiod st saded a4) JO FIs satQUa ayy

HOUYNHD S,dIIIHd “LS WaAdVdSMAN OUYDAN V AO AWOH

954

alone one and a half per cent of Negro sav-
ings.

Of public institutions run for and by Ne-
groes the community possesses an old folks’
home, a day nursery, a home for graduate
nurses, a house for boys which is the head-
quarters for sixty Boy Scouts and their
major, a union rescue home for girls, and a
music school settlement. Of these, perhaps
the music school settlement deserves most
special attention. It occupies a fine double
brown-stone house, and is under the manage-
ment of Mr. J. Rosamond Johnson, a Negro
and member of the New England Conservatory.

Of clubs and organizations for social pur-
poses and civic betterment the Negro. com-
munity has also its full share. The list of
these includes such familiar sounding titles as
the Business Men’s League, the Civic League,
the United Democracy, the Republican Club,
and colored branches of the Boys’ Camp and
Big Brother movements. There is a musical
club called the Tempo, of which James
Riese Europe, a composer of modern dance
music, is president. ‘There is a theatrical

club known as the Frogs, of which no less a
person than Bert Williams, late of Williamsand
Walker, and now known as one of the most
popular of Broadway comedians, is the head.

Among the opportunities available for the
young Negroes of the district, Public School.89
plays a most important réle. There are some
two thousand pupils in this school, and eighty
per cent are Negroes. One of the most
serious problems confronting Mr. Theobald,
principal of the school, is that of caring for
the West Indian Negro children who have
come with their parents to New York. At
the age of eleven most of these children are
not sufficiently advanced to take a place in
the classes with Northern children of their
own age. Of private stenographic and busi-
ness schools there is a great variety available.
Trades open to girls, such as hair-dressing,
manicuring, dressmaking, and millinery, are
also:‘taught by many competent teachers. It
is hoped, too, that a trade division will soon
be established in the public school.

There is a branch public library in the
very heart of the community. Books on re-
ligion, history, biography, and poetry are per-
haps in the greatest demand. The commu-
nity as a whole, although this statement can
hardly be taken as a proof of widespread
erudition or scholarship, is said to be a veri-
table mint for the subscription-book agent.

With all this progress in the art of modern

THE OUTLOOK

living, is there no crime, no rioting or lawless-
ness? Indeed there is. But communities
of ninety thousand people where there is no
crime are not the most usual things in this
world. Like white cities of equal size, this
Negro settlement has its slums, in which the
vicious element prevails; but the citizens,
through the medium of their civic organiza-
tions and groups of workers, try hard to cope
with that element, and every illegal act com-
mitted in the “‘ black belt ”’ is as much deplored
by them as it would be in a similarly respect-
able and law-abiding white district.

The sincerity and spirit with which this
Negro community is attacking the problems
common to all cities and towns, irrespective
of the color and race of their inhabitants,
may be judged, perhaps, by a brief quota-
tion from the programme of a meeting of
Negro business men called to discuss certain
disorders in their district. Very clearly indeed
the leading Negroes of this New York com-
mittee have learned that civic disorder means
both a social and a financial loss, and that the
city or organized society which permits and
tolerates bad conditions is wantonly throwing
away its best assets. This is what these Negro
business men have to say of civic betterment :

“The real estate agent should be inter-
ested in such matters on account of his steady
income, if for no other reason. The minis-
ter should be interested because it helps him
in his profession. The newspaper man ought
to be interested because the better class of
people read newspapers. The lawyer should
be interested because he prefers civil rather
than criminal cases. Every workingman
should be interested because they are all in
favor of bringing up their families under the
best conditions possible ; and certainly every
tradesman should be interested because the
better class of people carry better accounts,
live better, and wear better clothes. Every
taxpayer should be interested because he pays
the salaries of the city officials whose business
it is to see that law and order prevail.”

The progress made by the citizens of this
Negro community in cosmopolitan New
York is well worth the attention and inter-
est of all those concerned with bettering the
physical and moral conditions of Negroes
throughout the entire country. Is it too
much to hope that the time may come when
to all Negroes may be offered the opportunity
for clean living and civic development such
as is apparently available in the “ black belt ”
of New York?

REMINISCENCES

BY LYMAN ABBOTT

CHAPTER XII

RECONSTRUCTION :

N the last Sunday in April, 1865, I
() preached my farewell sermon in
Terre Haute and started immedi-
ately thereafter for the East. On our way
we met the funeral cortége bearing the body
of Abraham Lincoln to its resting-place in
Springfield, Illinois. As soon as my wife
and children were settled in our temporary
home in the boarding-house in New York
where my father was living, and I had
acquainted myself with the details and with
the workers at the office of the Commission,
I started for Washington and Richmond. In
the former city I wished to see General O. O.
Howard, the head of the newly constituted
Freedmen’s Bureau; in the latter city I hoped
to acquaint myself with conditions in Virginia
and with the agent of our Society who was
already there engaged in the work. My let-
ters to my wife were briefer than they had
been from Tennessee, but extracts from two
letters will give the reader a better idea of
my work than I could do now from my faded
recollection.

“* Tuesday. Started out early in the morn-
ing with the rest of the company. Waited
on the War Department, and were referred
to Freedmen’s and Refugees’ Bureau. Went
to General Howard’s hotel; he was out.
Then to Postmaster Dennison, and received
a letter of introduction to Governor Pierpont.
Then with Dr.. Thompson to the ‘ Chron-
icle’’ office to tell the editor of our Commis-
sion, and thence to Dr. Gurley’s. I gave
him your kind regards, and he wished to be
remembered to you. Mrs. G. was quite
sick. He gave mea very interesting account
of the President’s last hours—not so much
for what was new, as that it came with fresh-
ness from an eye-witness and participant. It
was very touching Remind me to tell you
when I return. Then, via the theater where
President was killed, to dinner. We after-
ward called on Governor Pierpont and were
told he was living at Alexandria. . . .

‘“ Wednesday. Breakfast at 7:30 a.m. ‘Then
: t Copyright, 1914 the Outlook Company.

\
‘\

EFFORTS FOR ITS SOLUTION

went down to boat for Alexandria. Passed
within a stone’s throw of arsenal, where con-
spirators are on trial. Governor Pierpont
had gone to Washington. Mr. C , of
Christian Commission, whom also we wished
to see, was von est. So we returned but
little wiser than we went. ... I went to
General Howard’s. I had undertaken to
draw up a circular letter to the public to give
the outline of his policy. Obtained his ideas,
quietly insinuated some of my own, and took
the draft home to draw up in form. I like
General Howard very much. And, unless
I greatly mistake, my stay in Washington
will pay in my future intercourse with the
Government, though it has accomplished very
little now.

“ Thursday. Arose early this morning and
drew up circular letter. After breakfast
submitted it to Dr. M——, made some altera-
tions at his suggestion, and at 10 a.m. went
up to War Department. Met General How-
ard there, and we all walked up to his quar-
ters together. He had just got in some
desks, but had no chairs, nothing yet in shape.
Submitted the circular letter to him, which
he afterwards read to some representatives
of Freedmen’s organizations present, and
later still to General Thomas, Adjutant-
General. It was adopted with no material
alteration, and, between you and me, as pub-
lished before now to the country, is a good
deal my work. It recognizes refugees as
well as freedmen, which otherwise would not
have been done. .

‘“ Friday. Breakfast at seven, per agree-
ment. We waited over till to-day simply to
see Mr. Dana, Assistant Secretary of War,
and get a letter to General Halleck at Rich-
mond. Drizzly,foggy day. Engaged a car-
riage, and Dr. M and myself started for
an inspecting tour. Of our ignorant driver,
of Aqueduct Bridge, and Arlington Heights,
and the Aflington mansion (General Lee’s
old house), and the freedmen’s village,
and General Meade’s headquarters, and the
Long Bridge, some account hereafter. Could
not see Secretary Dana, and so I could not

955

INACGISAUd AO ADALUOD
9981 ‘42 AVW 40 A1N33M S.u3d4YVH WONS G30NGOuGaY GNWM *M AS G3HOLINS

SE SEE OS ee eee -

RRR eR

REMINISCENCES

get the letter. Ate dinner, paid my bill,
wrote a note to Judge U ——, and started
for the boat. Have to pay no fare. But
there is no cabin. All the staterooms are
taken by officers, prominent among whom
are General Weitzel and staff, and Dr. and I
have hired the pilot’s room at $5. Would
have slept on deck, but it threatens rain.’’

“ Richmond, Virginia, 23d May, 1865.

* T bade you good-by at Fortress Monroe.
We had a very pleasant sail up the James
River. But first we saw at Fortress Monroe
the steamer on which Jeff. Davis was then a
prisoner. It was pointed out to_us by sev-
eral, among others by a-young surgeon who
had belonged to a man-of-war that was stand-
ing guard over him. We left, our boat and
took another'at City Point: ‘Here the forti-
fications begin. ‘The river -on both sides is
lined with them. No advance on Richmond
up the river would have been possible. We
fell in with some officers, who explained all
the works to us, pointed out* Dutch Gap
Canal, Fort Darling, Chapin’s Farm, Ber-
muda Hundred, etc.; etc:: _Reached Rich-
mond at night about 7 p.m. Saturday. We
went to a rebel major’s house, a private
boarding-house, where the Confederates. con-
quered me. -I was attacked in the night by
a large army of small infantry, and after a

brief but bloody battle I retired in good order ,

from the field and slept on ‘the floor.”

If the reader does not find much_ romance
in these letters, he may imagine that I did

not find much romance in the work. . The
conditions in’ Virginia were far more discour-
aging than they were in Tennessee. There
was not in Richmond a single newspaper
which was interested in any attempt to create
a new South. There was not, so far as I
could learn, a single minister who pointed
toward or hoped for the coming days. ‘‘ The
clergy,’’ I. wrote, ‘‘ who have been for four
years preaching slavery and secession, cannot
now preach liberty and union. . If they at-
tempt it, the people attribute their conversion
to fear or self-interest.”” The States’ right
sentiment dominated the entire community,
and nowhere in the community found stronger
expression than in the churches.. An agent
of the American Tract Society was told that
his publications. would be welcomed if the
local’ society could put its own imprint on
them. ‘ We do not believe,” said the Rich-
mond representative, “‘ in an American Tract

957

Society. Weare going to maintain a Virginia
Tract Society.” Some Bibles had started
for Richmond before the war from the
American Bible Society, but had been housed
in Baltimore during the war and shipped to
Richmond when the war ended and the
blockade was raised. And the Richmond
Bible Society refused to receive them because
they bore the imprint American Bible Society.
There were. a few Union men in Rich-
mond, but very few. And of those few not
many were inclined to declare themselves.
They were right to keep silent. To speak
was to invite obloquy, if nothing worse.
They must bide their time. One of them
gave me a dramatic account of conditions
during the last weeks of the war. - He was a
school-teacher ; received $600 tuition for each
pupil; and the week before the surrender
paid, in Confederate money, $75 for a pair
of boots and. $1,200 for a barrel of flour.
He congratulated himself on the bargain.
He had been wise enough to realize that any-
thing was better than Confederate money.
While I was in Richmond Sherman’s army
passed through the city on its way North.
It was a pathetic sight.. In the summer
of 1861 I had seen perhaps some of these
very regiments marching down Broadway to
the war—colors flying, bands playing, bayo-
nets glistening, voices cheering. Now they
marched through’a captured city as silent as

if it had been deserted by its inhabitants, or

as if some magic spell of silence had been
laid upon them by an evil genie. Not a flag
flying, not a handkerchief fluttering, not a
cheer uttered; no populace upon the side-
walk,-no faces at the’ windows; no small
boys in extemporized procession accompany-
ing the troops. The troops themselves bore
witness to the campaigning they had passed
through : no prancing horses here, no eager
faces, no gay caparisons, no gleaming mus- ©
kets ; instead, well-worn garments, pans and
kettles thrown over the shoulders or jangling
from the horses’ backs, and flag-poles borne
aloft in sad triumph, from which almost every
vestige of the once gay flag had been shot
away. The war was worth all that it cost.
But the cost was terribly great—cost to con-
quered and cost to conqueror.

I returned to the North not discouraged,
but certainly not encouraged, by what I had
seen. My triple task—of federating the
freedmen’s_ societies, inspiring the kindly
feeling of the North, and securing the co-
operation of the South—was carried on simul-

958

taneously ; but I shall best describe it to
my readers as three separate and successive
tasks.

Over a dozen local undenominational socie-
ties sprang up in the North to render aid to
the freedmen. ‘They were known as Freed-
men’s Societies. They were working with
little or no co-operation, and sometimes in
rivalry. The American Union Commission
was the only society which ignored all dis-
tinctions of color and was organized to
help its unfortunate brethren in the South,
whether white or black, freemen or freed-
men. It was also, I think, the only society
which was National in its organization. The
Freedmen’s Societies were naturally reluctant
to abandon the advantage which theirname and
their limitation of purpose gave tothem. For
the North had a great and, as it has proved,
a permanent sympathy with the ex-slave ; but
after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln it
had none for the white people of the South.
The hostility to the South stimulated by that
assassination had to be allayed and sympathy
withthe South created in order to obtain funds
for a non-sectarian and non-racial service in
the South. But the radical abolitionists. who
had insisted on no distinction because of race
or color when that principle was of benefit

to the Negro, could not deny it because it

was of benefit to thé white man. The found-
ers of the American Union Commission had
thought that the way to ignore distinctions of
race and color was to ignore them. There-
fore in the official declaration of their pur-
pose they had not mentioned by name Negro
or slave or freedman. ‘ The Commission,”
they said, “is constituted for the purpose of
aiding and co-operating with the people of
that portion of the United States which has
been desolated and impoverished by the war
in the restitution of their civil and social con-
ditions upon the basis of industry, education,
freedom, and Christian morality.”” This was
not enough for those who had organized and
were carrying on the work of relief and edu-
cation among the freedmen. They were not
content merely to ignore aii distinctions of
caste, race, or color; they wanted to declare
that they did so.
ple, but insisted that it should be formally
declared ; we acquiesced ; and for our simple
declaration was substituted in the reorganized
society the following :

The object of this Commission is the relief,
education, and elevation of the freedmen of the
United States, and to aid and co-operate with

They accepted our princi-

THE OUTLOOK

the people of the South, without distinction of
race or color, in the improvement of their con-
dition upon the basis of industry, education,
freedom, and Christian morality. No school or
depot of supplies shall be maintained from the
benefits of which any shall be excluded because
of color.

The next difficulty in bringing the societies
together in one National organization was
the question of officers. Who should be its
head and direct its policy ? That, so far as I
was concerned, was easily settled. As soon
as I saw the union of all the undenomina-
tional societies in sight I tended my resigna-
tion as General Secretary. This involved no
great self-sacrifice. I found myself after six
months of executive work longing to return to
the pastorate. On the 14th of December,
nine months after accepting what I thought
not improbably would be my life-work, I
wrote to Dr. Thompson a letter from which
I make the following extract :

New York, 14 December, 1865.

I herewith respectfully tender my resignation
of my position of General Secretary of the
American Union Commission.

I left the pastorate for the specific purpose of
uniting with the gentlemen of the Union Com-
mission in securing the obliteration of all recog-
nition of caste and race distinctions in that
great work of Christian charity which the
providence of God has laid upon the Nation.
From the beginning it has seemed to me that
the true way to accomplish this is by uniting in
one organization all who are engaged in this phil-
anthropic and patriotic work. I have therefore
sincerely desired and earnestly labored to bring
about such a union between the two great unde-
nominational societies, the Freedmen’s Aid and
American Union Commissions. This seems
to be now nearly accomplished. Nothing re-
mains, I think, to prevent, except the choice of
aname. I cannot think this will prove an in-
surmountable obstacle. I can see no reason
why the double machinery of two societies
should be preserved to do substantially one and
the same work, nor do I believe the public will
permanently allow such a division of its means
and energies. This object being accomplished,
I feel inclined to yield to the urgent solicitation
of others and resume the pastoral labors again
at an early day.

At all events, I am unwilling that my name
and official position should be any source of
embarrassment in the final consummation of this
union, or that it should be deemed a matter of
courtesy either to myself or to the Union Com-
mission to continue my official connection in the
United Commission. Having the interests of
the work at heart, I feel very strongly that they

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960

can best be subserved by leaving those engaged
in the work entirely free to frame such offices
as it shall seem to require, and fill them with
the men best adapted to accomplish it, un-
embarrassed by any considerations of the past.

This resignation was not accepted. In-
stead I was elected by the united organization
its General Secretary, and Mr. J. Miller
McKim, who had been the General Secretary
of the New York Freedmen’s Aid Society,
was elected Corresponding Secretary. He
was a Quaker, I was a Congregationalist ;
he was a Unitarian layman, I an orthodox
minister ; he a radical, I, as compared with
him, a conservative. But our object was the
same. We were both unselfishly devoted to
the intellectual and moral reconstruction of a
new South, and in the four years of co-opera-
tion which followed I do not think the good
understanding between us was ever inter-
rupted in a single instance. So much more
important for co-operation is unity of spirit
than unity of opinion.

What proved to be the most difficult obsta-
cle of all to the union was the question of
name. It often happens, as it did in this
case, that the questions of least significance
become questions of greatest importance.
The sense of relative values is, I sometimes
think, the sense least developed, especially in
reformers. I remember the occasion when
[ ought to have been in bed at home, but left
it, in spite of some concern in my ‘own mind
and a great deal of concern in my wife’s
mind, and took the journey to Cleveland, met
with a committee of conference between the
Eastern and Western Societies there, lay
down on the sofa in the church parlor where
our conference was held, and listened with
great anxiety while the question was fought
out for an hour or two whether the name of
the new organization should be The Freed-
men’s and Union Commission or The Freed-
men’s Union Commission. Which I favored
I do not remember ; I do not ‘think I much
cared. ‘The final achievement—a union of
all organizations, and an end to duplication
of services and salaries—helped me to a
quick recovery, and after a day or two of
rest in a hospitable home I returned to New
York none the worse for the experience.’ . I
find from the record that the final reorgani-
zation was effected in the month of May,
1866. It resulted at once in considerable
economies in administration. Two central
offices, one in Cincinnati, one in Washington,
were discontinued, the two offices in New

THE OUTLOOK

23 December

York City were united in one, salaries were
reduced, and one National publication was-
made to do the work before done by at least
three. It is to this monthly periodical that I
am indebted for the extracts and much of
the information given below.

I had written to my wife in February from
New York before accepting the office of
Secretary that I should not be charged with
the duty of raising money. ‘ They do not
expect me,”’ I wrote, “te do any collecting
agency business. I should, for example,
write to Mr. H , arrange through him
for a public meeting in Masonic Hall, attend
perhaps myself as one of the speakers, but
rely largely on the interest and co-operation
of others there. This is the plan they are
now pursuing successfully.” After the reor-
ganization this plan was made almost neces-
sary because the united Commission was
essentially federal in its character. It was
composed of local or district societies, and I
could not with propriety go into any district
to raise money except by previous arrange-
ment with the local organization. Moreover,
we had a Financial Secretary, to whom the
duty of raising funds was especially intrusted.
George J. Mingins was a natural orator. He
had wit, humor, imagination, sentiment, emo-
tion, a good voice, freedom of action, and
aptness in expression. He was an admirable
story-teller. A slight Scotch burr added fas-
cination to his speech. No one ever went
out while he was speaking.

Nevertheless I had experience enough in
the money-raising campaign to give me ever
after a vital sympathy with that much under-
rated and much overworked profession—the
secretary of a religious or philanthropic
society. Such a secretary must be in’ three
places at once—at least the three are con-
stantly calling for him. -He must be in the
field to know how the work -for which he is
responsible is going on, and to give cheer
and courage to the workers who complain to
themselves, if not to him, if a year goes by
without a call from their chief. He must be
with his constituents, on whose interest and
enthusiasm he is dependent for the means
with which to carry on the work. They
complain. if he does not come, and endure
him if he does. Men welcome an oppor-
tunity to make money, but resent an oppor-
tunity to use it. And while he is in the field
or with his constituents he is always reflect-
ing that he ought to be in his office. If he
is absent for a week, he returns to find his

1914

desk snowed under. by a mass of correspond-
ence,.and every correspondent imagines that
he is the only one who has written, and
grumbles if he does not get a reply by return
of mail. Gentle reader, the next time the
secretary of a benevolent society appears in
your church pulpit, give him a chance. Re-
member that he is a human being, not a
mere bit of animated- machinery, nor the
advocate of a client before a jury who must
pay out of their own pocket whatever dam-
ages they award.

I suppose my experience was neither
better nor worse than the average. “The
letters to my wife portray some of the
sorrows of an itinerant secretary. Some-
times the meeting was good and the collec-
tion was poor—“ I had a pretty good meet-
ing in Ann Arbor,” I wrote my wife, “but
the collection was only $13.50.’’ Sometimes
the weather was almost prohibitive. Thus:
‘“‘ At Detroit a pouring storm broke up our
meeting altogether.” Sometimes the speak-
ers we wanted were absent and the speaker
that we did not want was present. In a
meeting held in Boston ‘the expected
chairman and the principal speaker of
Mr. C.
followed. His speech abounded in violent
tirades of the Presbyterians and the South-
ern people. So it pleased the audience
and did not please me.” Sometimes the
audience failed to appear. A humorous re-
perter opened his satirical account of one
meeting as follows: ‘‘In pursuance of pre-
vious and liberal announcements, a mass-
meeting composed of eighty-two people
crowded into the narrow limits of Crosby’s
Opera-House last evening to listen to able
addresses on the subject of freedmen’s educa-
tion.” This part of my work had no attrac-
tions for me.. To speak to the head is
interesting ; to speak to the heart is fascinat-
ing ; to speak to the pocket is dreary work.
I wrote my wife: “I think a year will tire
me of this traveling, desultory life; I can
hardly go into a church but that I wish I
were a preacher again, or into a library but
that I want the old opportunities for study.”

Our campaign for funds was not, however,
as discouraging as these letters might imply.
Successful mass-meetings were held in Bos-
ton, New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, San
Francisco. General Howard, Phillips Brooks,
Bishop Simpson, Chief Justice Chase, Henry
Ward Beecher, Governor Andrews of Massa-
chusetts, were among the champions of our

the evening were absent.

REMINISCENCES

961

cause. A committee of well-known citizens,
including such men as William Cullen
Bryant, Peter Cooper, and George Cabot
Ward, was appointed by the Union League
Club of New York City to co-operate with
us in raising funds for our work. As
a result of a sermon by Mr. Beecher in
Brooklyn, we received a collection of over
twenty-three hundred dollars; a meeting in
Chicago addressed by Dr. Patterson brought
us in nine hundred and ‘fifty doilars. Mr.
McKim made a flying visit of a month to the
West, and though, I believe, he took up no
collections, leaving the collecting work to be
done by the Western branches, his journey
brought into the National treasury ten thou-
sand dollars, besides probably more that went
into the treasuries of the local branches.
Our first annual report showed that we were
a National organization with nine local or
district branches covering practically all the
Northern States east of the Mississippi River,
including Maryland and Delaware ; had col-
lected and expended in the South over eight
hundred thousand dollars in money and
supplies, partly for relief, but largely for
educational work; and were sustaining or
helping to sustain three hundred schools
in the South. These schools were in every
Southern State except Delaware and Texas.
Of these I was able to write : ‘‘ They embrace
among their instructors many of the best and
most experienced teachers the North can
furnish. In Baltimore, Washington, Rich-
mond, Raleigh, Charleston, Savannah, Beau-
fort (South Carolina), Mobile, Vicksburg,
Memphis, Nashville, Huntsville, and other
central points we have succeeded in establish-
ing model schools—schools really now being
occupied by Southern people, in spite of
prejudice.” Many of them, however, had
been established by local societies before the
union already described had been effected.
At the end of five years we had raised and
expended at a minimum cost for administra-
tion five million dollars, about one-fifth of it
cortributed from abroad, chiefly from Eng-
land.

In this work we were confronted with
three fundamental questions: What should
be the attitude of our representatives toward
the people of the Southern communities?
What should be our attitude toward the mis-
sionary work carried on in the South by our
Northern contemporaries ? And what should
be our attitude toward the black and the
white races ?

962

I. We sought, and to a considerable degree
secured, the co-operation of the menand women
in the South. We had Southern men acting
as our representatives and Southern teachers
teaching in our freedmen’s schools. My ex-
perience during these five years of work in
the South convinced me that for the prej-
udice then more widely entertained than
now against Northern schools and Northern
teachers working for the Negro in the South-
ern States the Northern missionary teachers
are partly responsible. I can best illustrate
this fact by a single typical instance—an ex-
tract from a letter written to our office by one
of our teachers in the South and our reply:

By the way, I must tell you two little bits
of news. First, a lady in town has offered to
give music to colored children, and I was re-
quested to make the announcement in school.
I did so with a smile in my sleeve. Second,
several are quite anxious that we should have
a gentleman in school as a teacher of the boys.
It is some one who lives in town. . . . I have
no objection to the people here opening a
school, but I do not care to get up a school and
then give it over to them, or take them into it
with me.

To this letter I replied :

That is a serious mistake. This is just what
we want todo. The whole object of the Com-
mission is to stimulate the Southern people to
take up and carry on this work of education
themselves. Our constitution provides for co-
operation with them. Allour plans and methods
are formed with that end in view. The more
Southerners we can take into our schools with
us, the better. The sooner we can turn our
present schools over to them and go into new
neighborhoods where no schools are, the better
for our work. The sooner the people of the
South awake to the importance of this educa-
tional work and take it off our hands altogether,
the better for them, for the colored people, and
for the whole country. The faintest indication
of an inclination to co-operate in the work of
educating the colored people should be cordially
welcomed. We should go more than half-way to
meet them. . Miss can render to the freed-
men no so great service as that which she will ac-
complish by encouraging and stimulating such
indications of a willingness to co-operate in this
work. No assiduity in personal labor can com-
pensate for the evil which will result from any
policy which repels such advances and tends to
perpetuate the estrangement between the white
and colored people.

That this was the spirit in which the work
of the Commission was generally carried on
is indicated by repeated letters from the field

THE OUTLOOK

published in the National journal; an extract
from one of our representatives must suffice
here. To teachers who purposed to come
South and enter upon the work he writes:

Two methods of procedure are open to you.
On the one hand, you may enter a city, secure
your location without consulting the authorities,
make your acquaintances and friends solely
among the Negroes, ignore the whites, disre-
gard local customs and lifelong prejudices and
opinions. . . . Suppose, on the other hand, you
are earnest at first to instill the people with a
correct knowledge of your undertaking. For
this purpose you confer with the mayor, alder-
men, or clergymen; seek their advice; as much
as possible conform to it; are courteous, frank,
and kind to all; exhibit this spirit in word, act,
and expression; and conform to local customs
and practices whenever such conformity will
not compromise principle. By this course you
will show yourself and your society sincere in
your expressed desire to co-operate as well as
aid.

Carrying on our work in this spirit, we not
only had the co-operation of Southern men
and women in our work of educating the
freedmen, but Southern men and women
who were attempting, under great difficulty,
to give the Negro an education sought for
our aid and co-operation, which it can hardly
be necessary to say was always gladly given.
In one case our freedmen’s schools were
taken over bodily by a prominent Southern
city and made a part of the public school sys-
tem; in another case material financial aid
was given to our work.

II. We did not regard the South as a
proper field for missionary effort. We went
into the South as we had gone and are still
going into the West, not to convert a non-
Christian or imperfectly Christian people,
but to aid a people impoverished by war in
establishing the corner-stone of democracy—
a public school system. . We had no quar-
rel with the missionary work of Northern
churches, and entered into no rivalry with
their denominational schools. But our aim
was not theirs. We occasionally were criti-
cised by representatives of missionary socie-
ties for our lack of religion, and this criticism
we met from time to time by a declaration of
our principles. ‘ Important,’’ said our Na-
tional organ, ‘as is that distinctively religious
work which only the ecclesiastical and mis-
sionary boards can perform, there is also
another, the importance of which all men
increasingly recognize—the promotion of pop-
ular education in the South by the establish-

J. MILLER McKIM GENERAL CLINTON B. FISK

“ He was a Quaker; I was a Congregationalist ; His “ tenacity of purpose, understanding of men, and
he a radical, I, as compared with him, a inexhaustible humor made him equally irresistible
conservative ” as a combatant and as a peace-maker ”

° GENERAL S. C. ARMSTRONG DR. J. L. M. CURRY
**Out of a camp of shiftless, helpless Negroes he He *‘ combined the eloquence of a palpit orator, the
created what has Sometepes into the great courage of a Southern soldier, and the practical
est industrial school in America knowledge of an experienced politician ”

EDGAR GARDNER MURPHY ROBERT C. OGDEN

He“ withdrew from the ministry because he could ‘“* A merchant commoner, who employed in
better minister to the people out of the using his wealth the same diligence
pulpit than in it which he employed in acquiring it ”’

THE PHOTOGRAPHS OF GENERAL FISK AND GENERAL ARMSTRONG ARE FROM THE F. H. MESERVE COLLECTION

SOME OF THE LEADERS IN THE WORK OF HELPING THE FREEDMEN

964

ment in the several States of common schools
not under ecclesiastical control. This is the
peculiar province of this Commission ; and it
is a work which can be well essayed only by
a society owning allegiance to no particular
church, but alone to the great cause of Christ
as represented in that down-fallen humanity
which constitutes, in popular estimate, the
least among his brethren.”

So resolute was at times the effort to create
a prejudice against the Commission because
Episcopalians and Quakers, Orthodox and
Unitarians, worked cordially together in main-
taining it, that in September, 1866, I pres
pared a paper on “ Education and Religion,”’
which dealt in a large way with the whole
problem of the relation of organized religion
to public education. It embodied that prin-
ciple for which I have stood throughout my
life—that Christianity is more than denomina-
tionalism. I declared it to be our object ‘ to
render the subjects of our education better
fitted to be not only citizens of the Republic
but children of our Father in heaven.”
‘‘We desire,” I said, ‘the more that our
schools may be truly Christian because they
are unecclesiastical. For this purpose we
aim to commission only teachers possessing
the spirit of true religion, by which we do
not mean persons of any particular doctrinal
views, but such as are attracted to the work,
not by curiosity or love of adventure, or its
compensation, but by a genuine spirit of love
for God and man.” Looking back, I can see
that in this practical co-operation in a wholly
Christian but also wholly unecclesiastical
work, with men of very widely different re-
ligious opinions, I was unconsciously prepar-
ing for what later was to be my life-work as
the editor of a journal which was, in the
thought of its founders, the more supremely
Christian because it was wholly free from
every form of ecclesiastical control.

III. The reader will recall that the consti-
tution of the United Society provided that
‘‘no schools or supply depots shall be main-
tained from the benefits of which any shall
be excluded because of color.” This pro-
vision early brought before the Commission
a serious problem. Our general agent in
North Carolina wrote us as early as March,
1866, that “it is very desirable to have
schools in large cities for blacks and whites
separately, and that these latter schools
should be supported by the same benevolent
body that sustains the former.’’ I wrote in
reply a letter which was read to and ap-

THE OUTLOOK

23 December

proved by the Executive Committee, in which
I stated that there would be no attempt to
prevent children going to schools of their
own choice, ‘ each choosing mainly compan-
ions of their own race ;”’ but that no pupil
could be excluded from one of our schools
because of his color; and in my letter I
affirmed that this principle could not be
departed from, both because it was inherently
right—“ to exclude a child from a free
school because he is either white or black is
inherently wrong ’—and because the princi-
ple had been agreed upon as a basis for the
united organization, and, “ thus adopted as a
compact, honor requires that it should be
carried out in the same spirit in which it was
conceived.”

About the same time I sent to our agents
in the South a circular letter asking a
number of questions for the purpose of
getting accurate information for the Ex-
ecutive Committee. Among them was the
question: ‘Is there any probability of the
poor whites, adults or children, consenting
to come to school with colored pupils ?
Do you know of any case where the experi-
ment of a free school, open to all, has been
fairly tried, and, if so, what has been the
result?” The reply from General Clinton B.
Fisk was typical of the replies received from
all our correspondents. He said: “ You
cannot gather the whites and blacks into the
same school. Both races rebel against it.
Separate schools under the same organization
can be successfully conducted. I know of
no successful experiment of mixing them in
the same school. I do know of signal fail-
ure.” Practically all the other replies were
to the same effect, and some of them indi-
cated that the opposition to co-education
came from the blacks as well as the whites.
These letters were among the first influences
to change my opinion respecting the desira-
bility of the co-education of the races. ‘These
are reminiscences, not political philosophy ;
but it is legitimate to take this occasion to
say that I no longer think it is inherently
right that no one should be excluded from a
school because of his color. Co-education of
the races, like co-education of the sexes, is
simply a question of expediency ; and expe-
rience early demonstrated that it was not
expedient to attempt co-education of the
races in the Southern States. Justice de-

mands that equal—not necessarily identical—
educational advantages be offered to both
races and to both sexes.

It does not demand

191+

that they should be afforded under the same
roof.

Krom the very outset of our work we had
succeeded in putting ourselves in connection
with the educational authorities, and secured
their co-operation, or, to speak more accu-
rately, had found our proposed co-operation
warmly welcomed by them in an endeavor to
organize efficient public schools under non-
sectarian, non-partisan, and non-sectional edu-
cational leaders. In accordance with this
policy two. graduates of Yale University
were selected by a committee of Yale College
and sent out at the request of the educational
authorities of Nashville, ‘Tennessee, to take
charge, one of the classical department of the
high school, the other of the principal
public school of the city. Another Yale
graduate was sent to Knoxville, a third to
Marysville. One of the instructors of the
Scientific Department of Yale went to North
Carolina to aid in re-establishing on a new
basis the public schools of that State, the
only Southern State that had before the war
any approximation to a public school system.
Schools supported by private funds were
opened in Richmond, Virginia, under the
direction of two teachers sent from the North,
with assistant teachers from the South, and
the cordial co-operation of Southern men
interested in the new education. Schools
attended exclusively by white children were
opened and maintained at various points and
were eventually incorporated in the public
school system of the State, and had, I think,
some influence both in promoting and in
shaping such a system.

The work thus initiated by the Freed-
men’s Union Commission was gradually taken
up and carried on by other agencies. The
churches were not slow to see in the condi-
tion of the freedmen an opportunity anda call
toduty. With a’breadth of view before too
little known in our missionary operations, the
churches recognized that education is as essen-
tial as evangelization, and began the establish-
ment of schools for the freedmen. Freed-
men’s branches were organized in connection
with the various church missionary boards.
The American Missionary Association, which
had been organized as a protest against the
apathy on the slavery question of the older
missionary societies, began to devote its mis-
sionary work largely to the evangelization and
education of the freedmen. Simultaneously
the Southern States began the organization
of public school systems, and in these public

REMINISCENCES

965

schools provided for the education of both
races, though always in different schools.
Men of large wealth and large views—and
the two do not always go together—recog-
nized the Nation’s need, and in successive
gifts made provision for it. In 1867-8,
George Peabody established a fund of three
million and a half dollars to be devoted to
education in the South; in 1882 John F.
Slater gave a million, and in 1888 Daniel
Hand a million, for the education of the
Negroes in the South; and in 1902 John D.
Rockefeller created a fund of one million,
later increased to something over fifty mill-
ions, for educational uses throughout the
United States, including, of course, the South-
ern States. A number of smaller funds have
been at various times created for the same or
similar purposes.

In April, 1869, the Executive Committee
of the American Freedmen’s Union Com-
mission reached the conclusion that other
agencies were carrying on so effectively
the work for which the Commission had
been called into being, that it was no longer
either necessary or expedient to continue its
work. ‘This organization,’ it was said, in
what may perhaps be regarded as its farewell
address, ‘ though perhaps not realizing fully
the hopes of the most sanguine, has, in fair
measure, accomplished the ends of its establish-
ment. It gathered fragmentary, disconnected,
and colliding associations into one. It con-
verted a desultory enterprise into an organized
movement. It gave to the whole cause, both
within and without the immediate sphere of
its activity, a character of national unity and
dignity which added largely to its effective-
ness. At its first public meeting it sounded
the keynote for future operations which
raised the whoie movement to a higher plane.
It declared, in advance of all other national
organizations of whatever kind, that the way
to reconstruct the South was to give the black
man the right to vote, and the way to fit him
for the responsibilities of a voter was to edu-
cate him. A new impulse was thenceforward
given to the cause, and increased respect
accorded to it by the public. . The
American Freedmen’s Union Commission
will cease to exist on the first of July next,
not because the work of aiding in the educa-
tion of the freedmen will then be finished,
but because the existence of a national organi-
zation for this purpose will have ceased to be
either necessary or expedient. The
work will go on until it is done. He that

966

put it into the hearts of the people to begin
it will not withhold his inspiration or support
till it is finally completed. It is a great work
and has no parallel in the history of nations.”

My share in the educational and moral re-
construction of the South was inconspicuous
and relatively insignificant. But I could not
tell the story of my life and omit from it some
account of this share in one of the great world
movements of history. I do not know where
its parallel is to be found. A conquered
country not only accepts without sullenness
the results of war, but to rebuilding its civili-
zation in substantial harmony with that of its
victor devotes the same persistent courage
with which it fought the representatives of
that civilization on the field of battle. And
the victor not only takes no life as a penalty
for four years of resistance to its authority,
but, at first through voluntary organizations,
then through the Christian churches, then
through the generosity of great givers, de-
votes uncalculated millions of dollars to re-
pairing the wastes which war had caused
and to helping its conquered foe to rival its
conqueror in all that goes to make great the
state.

At the close of the war the laws against
Negro schools had been abolished by emanci-
pation and some Negro schools had been
established, but a feeling against the edu-
cation of the Negro dominated the South.
When the protection of the army was _ with-
drawn, school-houses were in several in-
stances burned and school-teachers mobbed
and driven away. When open violence was
not practiced, the “ nigger teachers ” were
ostracized. They generally found it difficult,
often impossible, to secure board in reputable
white families. Nor was this prejudice con-
fined to the South. One of the early freed-
men societies of the North was rent asunder
by the unwillingness of a part of its members
to co-operate in any movement looking to the
education of the Negro, though they were
willing to provide him with food and clothing.
The introduction of a public school system
for the whites met also at first with serious
opposition from four sources : political oppo-
sition, upon the ground that it is not the
function of a State to carry on the work of
education ; ecclesiastical opposition, on the
ground that the State can furnish only secu-
lar education and education should be relig-
ious ; social opposition, not the less powerful
because not clearly expressed, against any

THE OUTLOOK

23 December

attempt to educate the lower classes lest it
should unfit them for their position; and,
finally, economic opposition, based on the
poverty of the South and its reai or fancied
inability to tax itself for school purposes. ‘To
these difficulties in the way of a new educa-
tional system were added the facts that the
old educational system had been overthrown
by the war, the school buildings destroyed,
the school endowments lost and in many
instances the best teachers and educational
leaders had fallen on the field or died in
hospitals. ‘

Forty years have passed since then. ‘To-
day there is not a single Southern State
which has not a public school system, nor a
single State which does not provide for the
education of both races. ‘This has been done
voluntarily and without aid from the Federal
Government. My experience leads me to
the conviction that any person visiting any
Southern community and asking to see the
schools will be taken by his Southern host
to schools for the Negroes as well as to the
schools for the whites, and will be shown the
one with as much pride and pleasure as the
other. I recall several such instances in my
own experience. Notable among them is one
in which I was taken by a Southern gentle-
man in Nashville to see its two great universi-
ties—Vanderbilit University for the whites,
Fisk University for the Negroes—both re-
garded with pride as the two great educa-
tional institutions of the city.

This work has been carried on in spite of
Southern prejudice, and also in spite of North-
ern narrowness. In March, 1866, I wrote:
** Though the Southern States accept liberty,
they repudiate equality, and still provide in
their laws, not only a different political status.
but different Jaws and penaities for colored
men, Jecause of their color. If we wish to
secure the abolition of this distinction from our
laws, we cannot maintain it in our charities.
Our exclusive recognition of the freedmen as
a separate class confirms this injurious dis-
tinction in spite of ourselves.’’ History has,
I think, confirmed the justice of this state-
ment. Our missionary societies, by going
into the South almost exclusively as the
friends of the freedmen, have unconsciously
and unintentionally done not a little to develop
hostility to the freedmen. But in spite of

prejudices, both North and South, which for
partisan purposes political journals have some-
times exaggerated and political demagogues
have sometimes stimulated, there is a new

1914

South, and, thanks to a band of patriots in
both North and South, anew Union. I have
had some advantages for gauging the senti-
ment of the country, East and West, North
and South, both by travel and by correspond-
ence. And it is beyond all question that
not only the spirit of nationality, but the spirit
of a brotherhood overleaping all chasms of
section and of race, unites this heterogeneous
people in one Nation as it was never united
before. I lay down my pen and some of the
great leaders in this movement for the king-
dom of God pass before me; would that I
could paint their miniatures for readers who
have never known them ! ,

General O. O. Howard, the most maligned
and most misinterpreted of men ; his work as
head of the Freedmen’s Bureau twice inves-
tigated, once by a committee of the House of
Representatives, once by a court martial on
which sat such men as Generals Sherman
and McDowell—each time triumphantly vin-
dicated ; a soldier who could no more think
of deserting his post at the head of the Freed-
men’s Bureau so long as there was duty to
be done and humanity to be served than he
could think of deserting his post in time of
battle so long as there were enemies to his
country to be fought, and who bore the
wounds inflicted on his good name in the one
field as bravely as those inflicted on his body
in the other.

General Armstrong, missionary, soldier,
philanthropist, educator, who, out of a camp
of shiftless, helpless Negroes, created what
his successor—Dr. H. B. Frissell—has de-
veloped into the greatest industrial school in
America. It would be well if every State in
the Union could possess an institution of like
spirit, purpose, and equipment for the educa-
tion of its youth of all races.

Booker 'T. Washington, who has done more
to interpret the South to the North and the
North to the South, the white man to the
black man and the black man to the white
man, than any other American, and whom
the future will place as a leader of his race
in the same rank with the other great racial
leaders of human history.

REMINISCENCES

967

Dr. Charles D. McIver, whose whirlwind
campaign for popular education in North
Carolina, everywhere converting apathy into
enthusiasm, had all the fervor of a Methodist
evangelism, and left behind it a permanence
in result which Methodist evangelism does
not always secure.

General Clinton B. Fisk, whose tenacity
of purpose, understanding of all sorts and
conditions of men, and inexhaustible humor
made him equally irresistible as a combatant
and as a peacemaker.

Dr. J. L. M. Curry, who combined the
eloquence of a pulpit orator, the courage of
a Southern soldier, and the practical knowl-
edge of an experienced politician, and devoted
them all to burning into the hearts of his
countrymen the truth that “ignorance is
never a cure for anything.”

Edgar Gardner Murphy, who withdrew from
the ministry because he could better minister
to the people out of the pulpit than in it, and
whose published interpretation of the Old
South and the New is the work of one who
was at once a prophet, a reformer, and a
historian.

President Edwin Anderson Alderman,
Chancellor Walter Barnard Hill, of Georgia,
and Chancellor James Hampton Kirkland, of
‘Tennessee, who in their presidential offices
have set an example of the higher and
broader education for the entire South to
emulate, and who have co-operated with the
presidents of Southern universities to make
exile from America no longer necessary for
the highest and best education.

Robert C. Ogden, more than a merchant
prince—a merchant commoner, who employed
in using his wealth the same diligence which
he employed in acquiring it ; and by his com-
bined tact and beneficence brought North
and South together in a joint educational
campaign equally beneficial to both sections
and to both races.

To know these men and such as these
has been an education, to be associated with
them has been an inspiration, and to be
counted by them as their friend is to be
enrolled in America’s legion of honor.

COMMERCE

AND FINANCE

A MONTHLY ARTICLE BY THEODORE H. PRICE

THE EXPANSION OF EUROPE’S NATIONAL DEBT

THE

“FOURTH DIMENSION” OF

CREDIT

THE CONSEQUENCES TO AMERICA AND THE WORLD

AN AUGURY

Y the use of simple arithmetic math-
B ematicians can demonstrate with irref-

ragable logic that, in addition to length,
breadth, and thickness, matter has a fourth
dimension.

The straight line raised to the second
power becomes a plane that we will call a
square, of which we can conceive because we
have seen many planes. ‘The straight line
raised to the third power becomes the cube,
of which we can have a definite concept
becauSe we have seen many solids in the
shape of cubes. But the straight line raised
to the fourth power produces something
which must have some other dimension than
those which bound the cube, but of which we
are unable to conceive, because as yet our
perception has no consciousness of any
boundaries of space other than length,
breadth, and thickness.

It is thus possible for the mathematical
philosopher to demonstrate the existence of
a condition which we cannot realize because
we have had no experience of it, for the
visible world exists only in and for conscious-
ness, ard is but the “ perception of the per-
ceiver.”

Thinking men, who, because they think,
realize the limitations of their own intelli-
gence, are commencing to feel that the expan-
sion of the European debt incident to the
war has proceeded so far that we are, so to
speak, already in the fourth dimension of
credit, and are dealing with factors of which
we have no consciousness, although we can
demonstrate their existence by the use of the
wonderful Arabic numerals that have for so
many centuries served to aid the imagination
of Aryan civilization.

The merchant who has been in the habit
of borrowing each year $100,000 is able to
have some idea of what it might mean to
borrow $1,000,000; the banker who has
shared in the negotiation of a bond issue of
$100,000,000 may possibly visualize the
processes and immediate consequences of a
flotation that involves a billion dollars ; but the
968

OF INCREASED BUSINESS ACTIVITY

FOR THE PRESENT
expansion of the European debt now in prog-
ress or in prospect ‘seems likely to reach an
aggregate that is utterly unthinkable both in
amount and in its effect upon the individual,
the community, or the world.

Germany has already placed one loan of
$1,100,000,000, and announces that she
will shortly borrow $1,250,000,000 more.
Russia has just authorized an issue of
$1,250,000,000, part of it a “ lottery loan”
that pays no interest but big “ prizes ” to
some of the fortunate holders. The last
French loan is $700,000,000, and an Aus-
trian flotation of $600,000,000 is just com-
pleted. Great Britain has pledged her
credit for $1,750,000,000. Belgium, Turkey,
Greece, Italy, and the Balkan States have all
been borrowers, each according to its ability
and opportunity. Up to date, loans that ag-
gregate at least $7,000,000,000 have been
effected or authorized.

The ideas that these figures convey are, for
most of us, pure abstractions. What does it
all mean, and what will be the effect? No
one can know with certainty, for we have
no precedents upon which to base a judg-
ment.

It seems evident that the obligations now
being created represent for the most part
the costs and destruction of the war, and
that the governments are drawing upon the
accumulations of the past to pay for the
waste of the present.

If this be true, then it is inevitable that a
long period of economy will succeed the war
as society endeavors to reaccumulate the
wealth necessary to pay the obligations now
being created.

To the average mind wasteful extrava-
gance and big bank balances are somewhat
contradictory terms, and yet we are con-
fronted with an enormous increase of de-
posits in the European banks and the lowest
interest rates known for a long time. On
the 5th of December the Bank of England
had deposits of over $900,000,000, by far
the largest on record, and the discount rate

COMMERCE AND FINANCE

for ninety-day bills in London was 234 per
cent.

The theory of waste and the facts seem
paradoxical.

How is it possible for England to have tne
largest bank deposits on record when the war
is costing five million dollars a day and the
English debt is being enormously increased ?

What seems to be a paradox will disappear
only when we study it with a clear under-
standing of the principles and processes of
credit as to-day applied in connection with
the machinery of modern banks.

Before the days of loan and deposit banks
a borrower received the veritable gold or silver
for the proceeds of his loan, and the lending
ability of the community as a whole was
closely, though not exactly, limited by the
amount of actual money in existence. To-
day no such limitation exists except in so far
as the law of the United States and the
usage of other countries makes a retention
of money reserve necessary against the de-
posit liabilities of the banks.

In Europe the exigencies of war have
made it necessary in many cases to substitute
a government guarantee or paper money for
the specie reserve, so that gradually the struc-
ture of credit is coming to stand upon a
foundation in the composition of which less
and less gold is to be found. The patriotic
willingness of the various European peoples
to accept governmental guarantees and
promises in lieu of gold is one of the phe-
nomena of the present war which violates
precedent and increases the difficulty of fore-
casting the consequences of the present
credit expansion

If this reliance upon the credit of the vari-
ous governments continued indefinitely in
spite of the reverses which some one nation
must inevitably encounter, then the expansion
of credit might also continue indefinitely.
That it will ultimately be checked by a popu-
lar demand for gold, instead of promises to
pay gold, seems inevitable; but he would be a
rash philosopher who maintained that the
unprecedented could not occur, and it is
quite possible, but perhaps unthinkable to the
present generation, that the inverted pyramid
of government debt which is now rising in
Europe may stand unshaken upon a base
the stones of which, though measured by the
yard-stick of gold, shall be in reality some
other form of property more necessary to
human existence and welfare.

Thoughts such as these cannot but impress

969

us with the finiteness of our own comprehen-
sion in regard to the political and financial
consequences of the conflict now in progress,
and those who are thus brought to realize
how limited our prescience really is are
thereby forced to become opportunists in
studying the facts as they seem to be. I use
the word “ seem ” deliberately, for even the
war itself and many of the things incidental
to it rise to an immensity that transcends
the power of our imagination.

The facts as they appear record an imme-
diate increase of about seven billion dollars in
the debt of the belligerent nations, and indicate
a further increase of at least as much more
before the war can be brought to an end.

This debt is being incurred to buy the food,
armament, and ammunition that are required
by the armies and navies of the belligerent
powers. Payment for these things is, for the
most part, being made by the transfer of credit
from one account to another in the same
bank, or from one bank to some other bank.
As long as stability in the world’s great banks
is unshaken, most people prefer to be paid
by the transfers of credit which we call
‘checks ” rather than in cash.

Thus far the credit of the banks is un-
shaken. Even the German banks, whose
isolation is greatest, have been able to main-
tain the fluidity of credit between Germany
and neutral nations. That this has been
possible indicates great progress in scientific
banking, and, whatever our sympathies may
be,we must admire the financial genius of the
German banker as exemplified in the present
crisis.

This fluidity of credit makes gold or money
unnecessary as long as it is maintained.

That it may be maintained it is necessary
that the people of the world who have been
provident or fortunate and own the wealth
that labor has accumulated in the past should
express their confidence in the respective
governments by exchanging this wealth for
the interest-bearing promises of these various
governments to return the money value of
their wealth or property at some future time.

There is a general idea that Europe will
‘* have to sell its American securities in order
to finance the war.”’

This is a mistake which grows out of the
idea that the expenses of the war will be
paid in money or gold, instead of by the
transfer of credit.

The same survival of archaic usage in
current language leads us to describe the

970 THE OUTLOOK

place in which loans are negotiated as the
“money market” instead of the “ credit
market.’”’ ‘There is not enough gold in the
world to pay the expenses of the war, and,
if it were possible to insist that payment
should be so made, no intervention in behalf
of peace would be necessary.

What is happening is that those who have
or can establish bank credits on the basis cf
the property they own or can pledge are
transferring those credits to the borrowing
governments in exchange for the promises of
those governments to retransfer the credits,
plus interest, back at some future day.

The governments, in turn, transfer the
credits to those from whom they buy the
things that the armies and the navies require,
and so the process will go on until some one
of them finds that people will no longer take
its promises in exchange for their property.
Then that government, whichever it may be,
will be forced to maintain itself upon the
property it can commandeer or capture, and
the war will be near an end.

It will perhaps be clearer that the -pay-
ment of the war’s expenses will not compel
the sale of European investments in the
securities of countries oversea if we take a
concrete illustration.

Let us assume that an Englishman owning
a million dollars in bonds of some American
railway that pays five per cent desires from
motives of patriotism or gain to lend his Gov-
ernment a like sum at four per cent, which
is the basis upon which the great British loan
has just been brought out.

He can, of course, sell his American bonds
at a probable loss and reinvest the proceeds
in the obligations of his Government; but
this is quite unnecessary.

Two other courses are open to him :

1. He can hypothecate the bonds with
some English bank against a loan or credit
of, say, $800,000, upon which he would pay
at present not over three per cent, and with
the proceeds, plus $200,000 to be borrowed
upon $300,000 of his Government’s bonds
to be acquired, he could pay for the $1,000,000
of the British debt that he desired to buy.
Or,

2. He could, under the arrangement that
the British Government has made with the
Bank of England, borrow from that bank the
entire cost of the British bonds acquired, at
a rate of interest which is now four per cent,
and which is guaranteed not to exceed the
‘bank rate "’ less one per cent for the next

23 December

three years, during which time the loan may
continue.

That self-interest will lead him to keep his
American bonds is plain when we consider
the financial results of each of the three lines
of action possible.

(a) If he sold his American bonds on a
five per cent basis and bought the English
bonds on a four per cent basis, it is plain
that he would be sacrificing an income of
$50,000 a year for one of $40,000. He
would hardly do that.

(4) If he borrowed $1,000,000 at three
per cent on the combined security of
$1,000,000 American bonds and $300,000
British Government securities, he would pay
in interest annually $30,000. He would
receive in income on $1,000,000 American
bonds $50,000, and on $1,000,000 British
securities $40,000, a total of $90,000. ‘This
would leave him a net income of $60,000 and
the physical possession of $700,000 of the
British securities. Or,

(c) If he borrowed from the Bank of Eng-
land at four per cent the entire cost of the
$1,000,000 Government securities purchased,
he would pay in interest exactly the amount
received from the Government, his income
would be unaffected, he would retain posses-
sion of his American bonds and he would be
able to profit by the advance in British
securities which all Englishmen expect will
occur when the war ends.

It is not hard to believe that under these
circumstances our Englishman would choose
to keep his American investments and help
his Government also ; and, as a matter of fact,
this is what most foreign investors are doing.
In so doing they are enormously increasing
both the loans and deposits of the great
European banks, and the banks are trying to
increase their gold reserves against these
deposit liabilities, assured, however, that if
they fail to do so a government guarantee
can be invoked that will preserve confidence
until the present emergency has passed and
the proceeds of increased taxation can be
applied to the reduction of the national
debts.

This lengthy explanation has been at-
tempted in the hope that it may disabuse
the American mind of the idea that Europe
must sell its American investments, a fear
which, more than anything else, restrains finan-
cial enterprise in the United States to-day.

The law of self-interest can be relied upon
to keep Europeans from selling their Ameri-

1914

can securities except as they may be com-
pelled to part with them, in lieu of gold, to
pay the people of the United States for the
things that Europe may buy of us. These
things we cannot sell except as we produce
them; and as we produce them we can and
should be glad to accept our own obligations
in exchange for them.

As to the immediate or proximate effect
upon the world’s business of the enormous
expansion of credit now in progress on the
other side of the Atlantic, it may be said that
the European nations are very much in the
case of a man who, having spent all of his
disengaged capital, proceeds to mortgage his
homestead and squander the proceeds. His
action may be uneconomic and unmoral, but
for a time at least it greatly increases the
profits of those among whom he spends the
proceeds of the mortgage, and the resurgency
of his expenditures will be felt in increased
activity throughout a circumference that may
be greater than at first seemed possible.

If our spendthrift friend should be a great
money-earner and possess withal the self-
restraint necessary, it might be that he could
save and reaccumulate the sum necessary to
discharge the mortgage, in which case it is
not apparent that he or the world would be
much the worse off for his financial debauch,
and it is conceivable that his strength of
character might be improved by the practice
of economy.

This analogy reduced to terms of personal
experience will enable us to understand why
the enormous European borrowing now in
progress is likely, for the present at least, to
increase the profits and activities of business
throughout the world even among the bellig-
erent peoples themselves. Europe is spend-
ing the accumulations of the centuries, and
in doing this must sooner or later give
employment to all the industrial armies of
the world; and some of them, whose ranks
have been depleted to recruit the fighting
armies, may indeed have to work a double
shift.

This expenditure will give an impulse to

COMMERCE AND FINANCE

971

activity that may last longer than we suppose,
and create a supply of credit that will reduce
interest rates and stimulate sound, and after-
ward unsound, investment to a degree that
now seems impossible.

When the fall of Fort Sumter precipitated
civil war in the United States, the first shock
produced a panic, but within twelve months
American expenditures for war commenced
to accelerate the wheels of industry and
commerce, and they continued to move with
increasing speed until the panic of 1873
broke upon us eight years after Appomattox
and ten years after Gettysburg. During
that interval the Union Pacific and Central
Pacific Railways were built, the Atlantic
cable became a commercial agency, and,
despite the waste of the Franco-Prussian
War in 1870, American and European pros-
perity was followed by advancing prices for
land, securities, and almost everything that
humanity has use for.

In so far, therefore, as the opportunist
may apply precedents to a situation which,
in its immensity, is unprecedented, the con-
clusion must be that, for the next few years
at least, commerce and industry are likely to
be increased and values advanced rather than
diminished by the velocity with which an ex-
panded volume of credit will probably be
transferred from one account to another in
payment for the goods by the production and
distribution of which the agricultural, indus-
trial, and commercial forces of the world
earn their livelihood and profit. Beyond a
few years, which in this case may, and proba-
bly will, be at least a decade, no one may see
even darkly ;_ but in the hope that the Christ-
mas season revives, despite the prevailing
gloom to-day, we may at least feel safe in
assuming that in the future as in the past
man will be preserved against complete self-
destruction and emerge from the present
murderous and financial debauch still pos-
sessed of a self-restraint and ambition that
will enable him to pay his debts and again
struggle up the hill of difficulty toward the
summit of constructive achievement.

“ The omission of the architect’s name in con-
nection with reference to notable buildings is
not infrequent,” says a correspondent in inquir-
ing for the name of the designer of the Beecher
Memorial Buildings, recently described in The
Outlook. “Is the creative imagination of the
cultured architect of a lesser order of merit than
that of sculptor, painter, author, or composer ?”
Surely not, though his art is usually more de-
pendent than theirs upon the co-operation of
others. Mr. Woodruff Leeming is the architect
to whom credit for the handsome new additions
to Plymouth Church was inadvertently omitted.

An architect, of course, as a rule, shares the
credit for the construction of a fine building
with the owner thereof, who usually has many
ideas of his own as to plans; sometimes these
may be to the advantage of the architect, some-
times they are a hindrance to him. It may be
worth noting that in a recent competition for a
prize offered for the most notable country house
erected in 1913 $1,000 was given to the owner
and only $500 to the architect of the successful
house. Many, doubtless, would feel that this
was inverting the order of merit.

A stirring experience was that ofa British
sailing vessel, the Medway, which escaped from
a German steamer off Cape Horn not long ago.
The wind was blowing half a gale when the
Medway was signaled to stop, but her captain
crowded on every stitch of canvas, topsails and
all, and the good ship roared through the sea,
in cataracts of foam, till nightfall enabled her to
escape. The Medway, says the despatch, made
at least sixteen knots an hour through the storm.

Under the heading “ Timely Tips ” about new
fashions a New York newspaper prints this
paragraph: “ The little hats, to be worn cor-
rectly, should droop low over one eye.” The
effect, it is to be feared, will make fair faces
resemble that of the man with a green “ eye-
patch” which suggests a black eye beneath.

That repository of odd announcements, the
“ Personal” column of the London “ Times,”
has seldom seen a more unusual request than
this in a recent issue:

Request from Sailors and Soldiers at the Front to send
large Consignments of FLINT and TINDER LIGHT-

ERS, matches, when procurabie, being unreliable in wet

weather. Money to help purchase direct from makers
solicited. Address Haden Cranford, Esq., Marlow, Bucks.

Of pathetic interest is the following from the
same column:

Refined Belgian Lady, whose means have given out, asks
for HOSPITALITY in refined family. Would gladly ac-
cept room and breakfast. Highest references. Address, etc.

Investigators of the high cost of living might

do well to learn the methods of the Southern
Industrial Institute, a philanthropic school for
boys at Camp Hill, Alabama. An editorial in
the school’s paper says: “ One dollar will keep
a student in this school for nearly four days.
972

BY THE WAY

It will provide him with a room, heated and
lighted, and with three substantial meals a day
for four days.” And the paper contains letters
from boys who seem to like their fare!

The 475 wooden cars in use on the New York
City subway have been condemned by the
Public Service Commission as dangerous in
case of fire, and they are to be replaced by
steel cars.

Dogberry’s exclamation, “Oh that he were
here to write me down an ass!” was probably
not in the mind of acorrespondent who wrote to
the New York “ Times ” recently that Bernard
Shaw was an “intellectual asset.” But Dog-
berry’s friend was in the “ Times ” composing-
room, and “intellectual asset ” got into print as
“intellectual ass.” Was this the same compos-
itor who changed “the masses of the people ”
into “ them asses of the people ”’?

In the 1913-14 egg-laying contests in Connect-
icut, which are under the charge of Professor
William F. Kirkpatrick, 820 hens laid 117,901
eggs, an average of nearly 144 eggs for each
bird; the best individual record was 265 eggs
for the year; one group of ten hens laid 2,088
eggs, or nearly 209 eggs for each hen; and 60
hens of the 820 laid more than 200 eggs apiece.
Each fowl consumed, on an average, 90 pounds
of feed and produced 32 pounds ofeggs. Here
is a record for emulation by poultry-raisers
everywhere.

The burning of the great plant of Thomas A.
Edison, at West Orange, New Jersey, caused
general regret, somewhat mitigated by the
announcement that the inventor’s private labo-
ratories were saved. Among the world’s great
inventors Mr. Edison is quite exceptional as
having carried on successfully a great manu-
facturing business while developing his numer-
ous inventions. Any interference with his experi-
mental work would have been a public loss: it
is gratifying to learn that the fire will not have
this result; perhaps it will, indeed, direct his
genius toward new methods of preventing such
catastrophes.

A writer in “ Rider and Driver” predicts a
great increase in the sale of automobiles to
farmers. He makes the assertion that already
nearly fifty per cent of the automobiles now in
use are owned by farmers, though only one
farmer in ten as yet owns a car. There are over
six million farms in the country, and the field
for utility machines for farmers is thus almost
unlimited.

The record-holder, so far, for wounds re-
ceived and recovered from in the European war
is probably a French soldier who received
forty-one mitrailleuse bullets in his leg. He is
said to have recovered and to have gone to the
front to face the guns again.

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